The Case For Bureaucracy A Public Administration Polemic...

To the extent that US bureaucracy succeeds, it is due not just to the competent work inside individual organization but the competent interactions among them.† (Goodsell 2008) This quote from Goodsell’s book sums up the book perfectly for me when it comes to the tasks that society puts on bureaucrats. Before reading Charles Goodsell’s, The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic, I did not appreciate the United States Government and what is accomplishes on a daily basis. Goodsell’s book examines how essential the United States’ public service institutions are, even when though they are often heavily criticized. Goodsell showcases the research he’s conducted and survey evidence that shows how that bureaucracy is effective in accomplishing tasks that are free of corruption and staffed with employees who are passionate about their work. He discusses criticism and misconceptions of the United States system of government and argues ag ainst that. Overall, Goodsell’s book has reinforced and fully convinced me that bureaucracy at all levels in the government is both effective and efficient. The thesis of the book is to describe the larger difference between bureaucracy’s reputation and its actual record. Goodsell discusses issues of bureaucracy, over expectations of bureaucracy, and why bureaucracy is so important. Common misconceptions Why Bureaucracies have a negative connotation When reading Goodsell’s book, I couldn’t help but wonder why bureaucracy is dislikedShow MoreRelatedThe Core Of Ackoff And Rovin s The Book2589 Words   |  11 Pagesthe bureaucrats and another, for bureaucrats, on how to design the system so that it does not need to be beaten. According to the authors of Beating the System: Using Creativity to Outsmart Bureaucracies, â€Å"countless numbers of people are being abused and mistreated by too many organizations and bureaucracies, (p.ix).† The authors wish to motivate readers who want to beat abusive systems and suggest ways of thinking that will enable them to do so. The authors explain how systems are designed, howRead MoreBureaucracy : A Necessary Evil?3033 Words   |  13 Pages Bureaucracy: A Necessary Evil? A Comparative Analysis Derik Van Baale PADM 6610 Dr. Mingus Introduction â€Å"Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst, an intolerable one.† (Kurland, Lerner, 1987) These words were spoken by Thomas Paine, one of America’s Founding Fathers, as the 13 American Colonies were preparing to declare their independence from England. Henry Clay stated, â€Å"Government is a trust, and the offices of the government are trustees. BothRead More The Myths of Vietnam Essay5554 Words   |  23 Pagescontrol of the military even as he accounts for the monumental failure of coordination between diplomacy (the State Department) and military action (the Department of Defense) in 1968 (McNamara, 295-302). Even though the military and diplomatic bureaucracies did not mesh their objectives and strategies in the 1960s, in theory they should have. In Vietnam, this collaboration between the State Department and the Defense Department should have begun at the beginning in 1963 and determined what the fundamentalRead MoreTheoretica l Orientation And Framework. Employer-Employee5229 Words   |  21 Pagespromotes their economic relevance. The state is also seen to assist in breaking down the working class through different means, which includes legal, economic, political and other means that are repressive (Liu, 1997; Poulantzas, 1968). Poulantzas sees public officials as instruments of labour repression through the â€Å"provisional compromises† and concessions they make. This neutralizes the workers threats to bourgeois democracy and as such consolidates the interests of dominant classes. Political powerRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernismRead MoreMarxist Theory Research7512 Words   |  31 Pagesintegrated into his theory of imperialism Engels’ concept of the workersâ €™ aristocracy. The colonial super profits, brought in by the capital exported to backward countries, permit the corruption of part of the working class, above all a reformist bureaucracy which cooperates with the bourgeois democratic regime and obtains great benefits from it. The Theory of Imperialism Adapted to the Present Time Combined with Trotsky’s theory of the permanent revolution – especially his analysis of the combinedRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 Pageslaid down by the great Lord Burleigh.† English politicians might have differed about many things, but not about political economy. â€Å"Up till the time of Adam Smith, men of all parties in England† shared the same mercantilist principles. â€Å"English public opinion,† Cunningham believed, â€Å"did not set in the direction of laissez faire, until the country had had long experience of the evils of the Mercantile System as reconstructed by a constitutional government.†5 The first generation of imperial historiansRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard Business Review Finance Articles Eclipse of the Public Corporation 308 308 323 323 330 330 Article How I Learned to Live

Animal Experimentation Animal Cruelty - 2406 Words

Research Essay: Animal Experimentation An innocent baby animal is ripped from its mothers arms and dragged by its neck after being locked up in a cold, lonely cellar on its way to the experimentation room where scientists will stick a variety of needles filled with possibly deadly medicine into its delicate skin. In a laboratory a ways down the street is another baby animal being tranquilized with a numbing gun in order for the animals to be tested with no pain gently lifted from its cage filled with toys. It is then brought into a room of highly trained scientists where they will experiment on the animal in no way harming it. Animals experimentation is often defined as using animals to test the safety of products made for cures, treatments, or everyday use through developmental projects (Dictionary.Com). It is a way for scientists to receive data for human beings that may be hurtful or helpful but either way must be found through the use of animals. Millions of animals are used in experiments every single year and ha s been a practice all the way back to 500 B.C. There is believed to be no other alternative way to receive such spot on results, however, there is a problem that seems to rise across our nation which is whether animals experimentation and testing should be allowed or rejected in the scientific laboratories (ProCon.org). As scientist continually use animals in their medical research, a major debate about the pros and cons of the unsolved issue is looked toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cruelty And Animal Experimentation1610 Words   |  7 Pagestesting on animals. According to Professor Nuno Henrique Franco from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of the University of Porto in Rua do Campo Alegre, humans have based their medical research, and later chemical testing, on animal experimentation. The first experiments that were performed can be considered crude and a few were perhaps excessively damaging to their subjects, and a handful of later testing was for cosmetic purposes. Conseq uently, the lives of countless animals have beenRead More The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothingRead MoreAnimal Abuse And Cruelty1342 Words   |  6 PagesCruelty to animals can either be the unintentional and the intentional infliction by humans of suffering or harm upon any non-human animal, regardless of whether the act is against the law. So much has happened recently that the US has broken it down into four categories, simple or gross neglect; intentional abuse and torture; organized abuse, including dogfighting and cockfighting; and animal sexual abuse (Fricker). The very first group of people in U.S. history to give laws for animal cruelty wasRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is An Ethical And Moral Issue Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesissue? Animal cruelty can be either deliberate abuse or simply the failure to take care of an animal. Either way, or whether the animal is a pet, a farm animal or wildlife, the victim can suffer terribly. Animal cruelty is an ethical and moral dilemma as there is no clear right or wrong answers that can solve all of the issues. There are numerous opinions on how this issue can be solved, these include; - Creating more animal protection laws e.g. ban animals in circuses - Harsher fines for animal abusersRead MoreA Life is a Life Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesjudge that? Even though animals do have rights, they don’t have enough to keep them safe. Animals do not deserve to be used, and/or abused. Animals should have their own rights; people shouldn’t get to choose what they should be used for, or where they should be. Humans should not have the right to use animals for entertainment, or for any kind of research (Animal Welfare 1). Animals rights were made to prevent cruelty, even though these laws don’t necessary give animals rights they do give themRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay examples1645 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, animal abuse has increased an unbelievable amount. I believe animal rights need to be enforced to people across the world. Animals are helpless creatures that should only be making the world a better place. I will enforce my belief by explaining what animal cruelty are, animal abandonment laws, and how to report animal cruelty. Transition: First, I am going to talk about the different types of animal cruelty. I. When people hear the two words animal cruelty, many think thisRead MoreAwareness on Animal Abuse939 Words   |  4 PagesIn life, it is normal see a few stray animals around town digging in the trash cans, walking around, or trying not to get hit by cars as they go from one place to the next. On a particular day, there was a dog that stood out from the others to one person. Libby was on her stomach, crawling towards the person in a happy yet fearful manner. The person did not know why until giving the dog an overlooking. What the person found was shocking. Libby had a number tattooed inside her left ear, which confusedRead MoreIs Animal Testing Essential For Humanity?1468 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Period 3 Ene/European Literature Is Animal Testing Essential for Humanity? Around the world, animal testing has been a controversy for many years. In the cosmetic and medical industry, doctors claim that animal testing is essential for life and solves many issues. Although animal testing may have helped the cosmetics industry and has provided opportunities, this form of experimenting has not been imperative to humanity. Even though animal testing has been helpful, it is no longer necessaryRead MoreThe Animal Welfare Institute Is An Organization1519 Words   |  7 PagesI remembered how throughout my life I respected and admired people that tried to help animals in need. I remembered how I felt when I saw first-hand the result of abuse. I remembered how I wanted to help those poor animals that were being treated so cruelly. And for all that I remembered, I decided that the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) was the interest group I felt strongly for and chose to research. Animals are a big part of many people’s lives. They provide companionship; they provide dailyRead MoreThe Evolution of Anticruelty Laws950 Words   |  4 PagesSoon, many groups were concerned about how animals were being treated. Anticruelty laws were first passed in Great Britain. The United States quickly followed, responding to the animal welfare groups; insisting that the government needed to act to prevent unnecessary cruelty to animals (Judson 20). This movement grew rapidly across the United States. In 1829, New York passed the first anticruelty law prohibiting the malicious injuring or killing or farm animals such as horses, oxen, cattle or sheep.

Sci/256 Week 2 Discussion Question free essay sample

Identify a natural ecosystem in which you live or one near to where you live? How does this ecosystem support you? At what trophic level are you? Why? An ecosystem (2011), according to Merriam Webster Learners Dictionary, is everything that exists in a particular environment. An ecosystem includes living things, such as plants and animals, and things that are not living, such as rocks, soil, sunlight, and water. One such example of a natural ecosystem is the George Mitchell Nature Preserve in Creekside Village in the Woodlands, TX. Thewoodlandstx. com (2011) website illustrates that the George Mitchell Nature Preserve is part of the Montgomery County Spring Creek Greenway, which will connect and protect up to 12,000 acres of forest on both sides of Spring Creek. The Mitchell Preserve covers nearly 1,700 acres, and opened on October 19th, 2007. The natural ecosystem of this nature preserve can support humans in many ways. For example, the Spring Creek watershed currently contains tens of thousands of acres of bottomland hardwood forest and various edible plants. We will write a custom essay sample on Sci/256 Week 2 Discussion Question or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also provides homes to wildlife, creates recreation opportunities such as hiking and biking trails, reducing flooding, and improving air quality (Montgomery County Precinct 3, 2011). Not to mention, the preserve increases real estate values and community pride, reduces pollution, and lowers air temperature. Second, wildlife in the nature preserve offers many to take the chance to bird watch. The forests along Spring Creek provide a crucial stopover point for migratory songbirds, where they can rest and refuel after crossing the Gulf of Mexico on their annual spring migration from Central and South America (Montgomery County Precinct 3, 2011). Many species of fish live in the lake year-round including catfish, crappie, and bass. White bass migrate through during springtime, and all are available for fishing. Last, the preserve offers an exceptional educational benefit. Several elementary, middle, and high schools have taken field trips learning about Spring Creek, the preserve, nature, and the benefits it has to offer to the public. A trophic level (2011) according to Encyclopedia Britannica, is a step in the nutritive series, or food chain, in the ecosystem. We as humans eat plants and animals, also considered omnivores. This in terms puts us at the third trophic level. However, several humans who are vegan would be considered second trophic level consumers because they eat only produce. Though it may sound simple, the food chains and food webs are often complex and difficult to analyze. The ecosystem is natural and living. As humans, we are as very much a part of the ecosystem as plants and animals, along with other organisms and bacteria. Although we expend plants and animals as third trophic level consumers and depend on them for survival, we must also take into consideration that the first, second, and fourth trophic level consumers also rely on the ecosystem for survival as well. Thus meaning ecosystems are essential for all life on earth. References Ecosystem. ( 2011). In Merriam Webster Learners Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. learnersdictionary. com/search/ecosystem Montgomery County Precinct 3. (2011). Spring Creek Greenway. Retrieved from http://www. springcreekgreenway. org/the_creek. htm Thewoodlandstx. com. (2011). The Woodlands TX. Retrieved from http://www. thewoodlandstx. com/parks/george-mitchell-nature-preserve. php Trophic Level. ( 2011). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/606492/trophic-level

The Kingdom of God Essay Example For Students

The Kingdom of God Essay Pear gates, marble stairs and a throne of gold, or an inner area in the hidden depths of our own soul? Which can describe the true kingdom of God, a real physical world or a place that is only seen in ones hearts. Some would say it to be a place above man, built by God to be a home for peoples souls after death. Others might say that it is no more than a place inside us that can only be reached through the right decisions and acts of kindness. A place that is not seen or discussed but only felt in a way that is incomparable to any feeling ever felt by the living. Yet while people retain their own images of the Kingdom of God the Bible itself gives a subtle definition through a series of parables or short stories, told by Jesus in order to pass along the message of who is God and what is the kingdom of heaven. Jesus, through his sayings and parables showed that the kingdom was being revealed in his own life and work. We will write a custom essay on The Kingdom of God specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He preached his message of the coming of the kingdom through memorable stories, which in his day could and did relate to things of everyday life. Though most of Jesus followers didnt recognize the kingdom till after his death it was still brought to them by the Holy Spirit with a full understanding of his word and actions. Yet it was evidently difficult for them to understand before his death due to the previous ideas of the kingdom as a whole. Like many people of today those in Jesus time viewed Gods kingdom as a place above them yet unlike people today thought more literal terms actually believing that God was above them and was looking down on them. Even now, when in prayer, one may have a tendency to look up at the heaven in reverence since next to God it is the most endless, unexplainable thing in the world. Yet people are still able to know that as they look up they see God just the same as if they shut their eyes in prayer were to the people of Jesus time God was seen as truly sitting above them in his kingdom in which only those who follow the laws exactly would ever see.To truly understand the kingdom of God people have to have ways to describe it. One type of description used is the Kingdom as the redemptive or saving presents of God. By this one would say that the kingdom is seen through the natural love, kindness, and common curtsy people show each other ever day. Through these acts Gods redemptive prussic and the growth of his kingdom are evident. The Kingdom being understood as Gods one action, this universe, to create an environment in which all persons can enter into Gods community is another idealism that stands to represent the K of G. With this view, the kingdom is not thought to be a place in which our good deeds will gradually build but as a place were our good deeds will help us be in tune with Gods one action enabling us to discover the kingdom that God has already placed for us. Then for many people there is the kingdom of God in the literal sense. Some think that the kingdom is heaven or a spiritual sanctuary was those who lived their life for the Lord would eventually go after death. This outlook, as common as it maybe, depletes the real message behind the teachings of Jesus who tough that there is so much more to the kingdom than just a place for the faithful after death. Throughout the Bible Jesus adds a list of saying as a type of guideline for one to enter the Kingdom of God known as the Beatitudes. .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a , .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .postImageUrl , .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a , .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:hover , .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:visited , .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:active { border:0!important; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:active , .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdb05e15fcbe1ad705fb78d0d8e0d65a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thesis Statement For Romeo And Juliet Essay Phrases such as Blessed are the merciful for they shall obtain mercy God revealed in his own life and work. He preached his message of the coming of the kingdom, yet before his death, due to the previous ideas of the kingdom most of his own people did not understand his teachings. It was hard for them to change their already set views of God being so far above them. Yet after his death the holy spirit helped to guide them to the truth. This shows Jesus was part of Gods plan to show the apostles and all who wanted to listen the true path to the Kingdom. And for some the kingdom was found and was a part of their life if they chose to except it. But what was there for some was not there for others.At times when reading the bible one hears a numerous amount of contradictions in the bible. Jesus said that the kingdom is coming or that it was soon be here while at other times he says that it was among them and is present. In a way Jesus says to the people that the kingdom is here, but not yet. In reality this is not as contradictory as it may sound. Through Jesus death and resurrection God mad himself present and in doing so relieved man and provided all that was needed to fight against sin making the kingdom very close at hand. This justifies it is here. Yet in freeing us from sin, we were still aloud the free will that separates us from the animal. The will to live, love and if we so chose sin. And it is those times when we chose to sin that pushes the splendor of Gods kingdom out of our reach, justifying the Not yet. In todays times people live the values of the Kingdom in there own ways. Some spend there hours in a church worshipping and paying. Other just try to live a life free of sins that can be avoided. I do a little of both. Im not the most religious person, nor do I spend too much time at church but I do know good from bad and right from wrong. In my life I rely on what I now and feel. To hurt others feels wrong so I try not to. To steal feels wrong so I dont. Though this sounds easy enough, maintaining such a simple set of guidelines is a most difficult thing to do. Everyday so many temptations arise, so many chance to fall into greed and hatred yet to resist everyday, to say no to the things we want so bad but will only mean trouble for us is and always has been the real challenge. So maybe I dont do great deeds or save the world from evil but I can save myself from it, I can chose not to do wrong and I can certainly take those small steps closer to the kingdom god has waiting for me to find. I feel that right now in my life I am a Kingdom person. God and I have our disagreements at times but all-in-all I do all I know how to do to be the best person I can be. I dont always go out of my way to help those who may like it but I will give my life to help any one who needs it. So as a person of God I feel that right now I am a Kingdom person.The Kingdom of God is a place yet not a place. It is here but not yet. It is to be found and looks to find us. And no matter who you are or what you believe the kingdom is, if one lives right, follows their heart and does as all men were given the right to do, which is chose God, what ever they feel is the utmost beauty of Gods creations. For it is ones faith that will lead him and what he has faith in hell find. .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 , .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .postImageUrl , .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 , .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:hover , .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:visited , .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:active { border:0!important; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:active , .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067 .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40bc4207264122b2ff57763949d95067:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Believe, Inspire and Follow Your Dreams Essay

Amiri Bakara †Somebody Blew Up America Essay Example

Amiri Bakara – Somebody Blew Up America Essay Example Amiri Bakara – Somebody Blew Up America Paper Amiri Bakara – Somebody Blew Up America Paper Amiri Bakara – Somebody Blew up America Amiri Bakara was born in Newark, New Jersey on October 7, 1934. He was born as Everett Leroi Jones. In 1952 he changed his name to Leroi Jones and in 1967 he changed it to Amiri Bakara. He lived with his parents, his father who was a postal supervisor and his mother who was a social worker. He attended Rutgers University, Colombia University and Howard University studying philosophy and religious studies. He did not obtain a degree from any of the three colleges. Instead, he joined the United States Air Force in 1954 but was later dishonorably discharged because of the discovery of so called communist writings. After his time in the Air Force, Bakara moved to Greenwich Village and found Totem Press after becoming interested in jazz music. That same year, 1958, he met and married Hettie Cohen and together they worked as editors of Yugen, a literary magazine. The experiences had a powerful influence on his later works of poetry. After the assassination of Malcolm X, Bakara left his wife and two children and moved to Harlem to become what he considered a black cultural nationalist. In 1966, Bakara married his second wife, who would later change her name to Amina Bakara. In 1967, Bakara joined the staff of San Francisco University as a lecturer. The following year he was arrested for illegally carrying a concealed weapon and for resisting arrest during riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. In the 1970s, Bakara was criticized for several poems he had written that many claimed to have anti-Jewish undertones. This is still a critique that Baraka deals with regarding his more recent works. In later years, Bakara’s 31-year old daughter was murdered and he was listed as one of America’s 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America (Wikipedia, 1). There is much controversy surrounding the work of Amiri Bakara. He often used violent and graphic imagery in his work that has been aimed at women, gay people, white people and Jews. Many people have taken offense to Bakara’s work and this dates back to his early career as well. Bakara aintains that he writes about black oppression, but often his work is blatantly racist, sexist, homophobic and anti-Semitic. The poem that this paper will racially review and critique is Somebody Blew up America, written about the September 11 attacks in New York City. Somebody Blew up America is one of Bakara’s poems that has caused much controversy among Americans in particular. The poem names specific names, including Trent Lott, Condoleezza Rice and Clarence Thomas and these people are spoken against in extreme anger. Who do Tom Ass Clarence Work for? Who doo doo come out the Colons mouth? Who know what kind of Skeeza is a Condoleeza? † (Baraka, 2001, 1). It also sites Israel as playing a part in the attacks. â€Å"Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombed? Who told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin Towers to stay home that day? Why did Sharon stay away? Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosion and cracking they sides at the notion† (Bakara, 1). He also cites President George W. Bush as having a role in the September 11 attacks. Who the fake president† (Bakara, 2001, 1). â€Å"My writing reflects my own growth and expansion, and at the same time the society in which I have existed throughout this confrontation. Whether it is politics, music, literature, or the origins of language, there is always a historical and time/place/condition reference that will always try to explain wh y I was saying both how and for what† (Bakara Harris, preface). This is quote from Amiri Bakara when describing why he writes the things that he does. He said this before he wrote the poem Somebody Blew up America, which shows that he has been defending his work since the beginning of his writing career. Bakara once again had to defend himself and his writing when the Anti-Defamation League spoke out against this poem and the racial and personal attacks it contained. The Anti-Defamation League felt that this poem was racially directed towards white people as well as Jews. They were unimpressed with Baraka’s choice of language when providing his examples within the poem. Bakara, Amiri. (2002). I will not apologize, I will not resign. Retrieved on April 27, 2008 from amiribaraka. com/speech100202. html. Bakara, Amiri. (2001). Somebody blew up America. Retrieved on April 27, 2008 from amiribaraka. com/blew. html. Bakara, Amiri Harris, William J. (1960). The Leroi Jones/Amiri Bakara Reader. New York, NY: Thunder Mountain Press. Wikipedia. (2008). Amiri Bakara. Retrieved on April 27, 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/LeRoi_Jones.

Quotes About the Myth of Reverse Racism

Quotes About the Myth of Reverse Racism In the 21st century, many white Americans feel that they suffer more race-based discrimination than their fellow Americans of minority backgrounds. A 2011 study by researchers at Tufts University’s School of Arts and Sciences and Harvard Business School found that whites believe that anti-white bias, or â€Å"reverse racism,† is at an all-time high. But is this perception accurate? Sociologists and social activists are among those who argue that reverse discrimination is actually not on the rise because it’s more of a myth than a reality. They say that while some people of color may be prejudiced against whites, they don’t have the institutional power to discriminate against whites in the systemic manner that whites have historically discriminated against racial minorities. Quotes about reverse racism from prominent social progressives explain why it’s far from widespread and why complaints about such discrimination are reactionary. They say that those who complain about reverse discrimination fear losing racial privilege as society moves to level the playing field. People of Color Lack the Institutional Power to Discriminate Against Whites In his essay â€Å"A Look at the Myth of Reverse Racism,† anti-racist activist Tim Wise discusses why he thinks U.S. society has been organized in such a way that people of color can’t oppress whites in the same way that whites have historically oppressed minorities. â€Å"When a group of people has little or no power over you institutionally, they don’t get to define the terms of your existence, they can’t limit your opportunities, and you needn’t worry much about the use of a slur to describe you and yours, since, in all likelihood, the slur is as far as it’s going to go,† Wise writes. â€Å"What are they going to do next: deny you a bank loan? Yeah, right. †¦ Power is like body armor. And while not all white folks have the same degree of power, there is a very real extent to which all of us have more than we need visvis people of color: at least when it comes to racial position, privilege and perceptions.† Wise elaborates on his argument by discussing how even poor whites have advantages over middle-class blacks. For example, poor whites are more likely to be employed and own property than blacks are largely because they don’t experience racism in the workplace and they’ve inherited property from family members. Blacks, on the other hand, have long faced barriers to employment and homeownership that continue to affect their communities today. â€Å"None of this is to say that poor whites aren’t being screwed†¦by an economic system that relies on their immiseration: they are,† Wise asserts. â€Å"But they nonetheless retain a certain ‘one-up’ on equally poor or even somewhat better off people of color thanks to racism. It is that one-up that renders the potency of certain prejudices less threatening than others.† Minorities Can Be Prejudiced, But Can They Be Racist? Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva labels the concept of reverse racism â€Å"nonsensical.† The author of Racism Without Racists remarked in a 2010 interview with website The Grio: â€Å"When whites talk about reverse discrimination, I feel that they are making a silly argument because what they really want to say is that we, people of color, have the power to do to them what they have done to us from the 13th century.† Bonilla-Silva says that some people of color are prejudiced against whites but points out that they lack the power to discriminate against whites on a massive scale. â€Å"We do not control the economy. We do not control politics - despite the election of Obama. We don’t control much of this country.† The Idea That Minorities of Influence Seek Revenge Against Whites Is Fiction Washington Post  columnist Eugene Robinson says that political conservatives make claims of reverse discrimination to advance the idea that people of color in influential positions are out to get whites. He wrote in a  2010 column  on the issue: â€Å"A cynical right-wing propaganda machine is peddling the poisonous fiction that when African Americans or other minorities reach positions of power, they seek some kind of revenge against whites.† Robinson asserts that not only isn’t this idea false but also that prominent conservatives are playing it up to win over white voters. He doubts that most conservatives actually believe that vengeful decision makers of color are using their influence to hurt whites. â€Å"Most of them†¦are merely seeking political gain by inviting white voters to question the motives and good faith of the nation’s first African American president. This is really about tearing  Barack Obama  down,† Robinson said. â€Å"These allegations of anti-white racism are being deliberately hyped and exaggerated because they are designed to make whites fearful. It won’t work with most people, of course, but it works with some- enough, perhaps, to help erode Obama’s political standing and damage his party’s prospects at the polls. Reverse Racism Denies the Minority Experience With Discrimination Bill Maher,  comedian  and HBO’s â€Å"Real Time† host, takes issue with reverse racism because it ignores the people of color continue to experience oppression today. Maher particularly objects to conservative Republicans making more of an issue of so-called reverse racism than they do of racism against minorities. In 2011, he  remarked, â€Å"In today’s GOP there is only one correct answer to the discussion about racism. And that is: There is no racism in America anymore.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Except  reverse-racism against whites.† Moreover, Maher points out that Republicans have offered up no solutions to combat reverse racism. He suggests that this is the case because reverse racism isn’t real. Instead, reverse racism functions to deny the racism that people of color in U.S. society have long endured. He explained, â€Å"Denying racism is the new racism. To not acknowledge those statistics, to think of that as a ‘black problem’ and not an American problem. To believe, as a majority of FOX viewers do, that reverse-racism is a bigger problem than racism, that’s racist.†

CPAP Compliance in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Article

CPAP Compliance in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome - Article Example For instance, most individuals that undergo treatment have trouble with the machine and masks used during treatment, thus many individuals with sleep apnea often want to avoid the treatment, although the first few weeks of the treatment are usually vital. Therefore, this issue is something that must be studied with further analysis. Thus, the researchers state their hypothesis as such: "In this study, we aimed to evaluate, prospectively, the factors affecting adherence to the CPAP treatment and the correlations of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), oxygen desaturation index (OD), arousal index (RI), the lowest oxygen saturation (LO), and the body mass index (BMI) with each other, in patients with OSAS" (Yetkin, Kunter & Gunen, 2008, p. 365). The researchers then proceed with a very clear presentation of their study, discussing the methods in some detail. The article does a fantastic job of defining the size of the sample, discussing inclusion criteria, sample inclusion criteria, comparability, confounding variables, and also mentions how the subjects were assignment to groups. The authors clearly state: "Seventy-one patients were enrolled to this study. Patients were divided into three groups according to CPAP usage. Group I consisted of patients who had never used CPAP, group II consisted of patients who had used CPAP occasionally, and group-III patients had used CPAP treatment regularly. Group-III patients had higher apnea- hypopnea index (AHI) than groups I and II (respectively, Oxygen desaturation index was significantly higher in group-III patients comparing to groups I and II" (Yetkin, Kunter & Gunen, 2008, p. 366). There is also more information provided by the researchers. They state: "After 3 months, the patien ts were asked about how good they had adhered to the CPAP treatment. Then, the patients were divided into three groups according to CPAP usage ratio. Group I consisted of patients who had never used CPAP (n=23), group II consisted of patients who had used CPAP occasionally (n=24), and group-III patients had used CPAP treatment regularly (n=24). By definition, patients who did not use CPAP each and every day of the 3 months period without a valid or acceptable reason (overnight travel, CPAP device dysfunction, etc.) were classified into the group II." (Yetkin, Kunter & Gunen, 2008, p. 366). While this information is presented clearly, there are some issues that are not mentioned in the study. There is no mention of convenience and randomization of the sample, but considering the circumstances of the study, this was probably not necessary. Demographics are also not discussed, but may also not have contributed much to the study since the focus is on a particular disease. Variables are not very clearly defined, however, and this would have added to the clarity of the study. There is also no mention of potential sources of sample bias, or strengths and weaknesses of sample characteristics. This is another flaw in this study that could have contributed, and provided more information about the disease itself. As for assessment design and characteristics, the study does state the outcome to be studied-basically the adherence to CPAP treatment. The length of

Investment Portfolio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investment Portfolio - Research Paper Example It involves providing concise method of communicating the process and objectives amongst all parties involved with the investments and to assign responsibility for implementations. (Winfield R. G. and Curry S. J., 1995.) Once the Investment Policy has been established other factors affecting the investment such as financial and economic conditions, and risk factors will be examined. How to allocate the 100,000 to specific assets will be determined. RiskGrades will be used for optimal allocation. RiskGradeTM measure is an open and transparent benchmark to measure the risk of the world's financial assets. Another optimization criterion to be looked at briefly is the Markowitz co-variance approach. According to Markowitz, (1952), the co-variance matrix can be used to compute portfolio variance. Peter Zangari (1996)'s document on risk metrics assumes that the market is driven by risk factors with observable co-variance. These risk factors which have been incorporated in the analysis include; time series of prices or levels of stocks, currencies (foreign exchange rates), commodities and interest rates. The evaluation of investment performance is very important to any investor. Evaluation goes hand in hand with re-examining the policies and altering the strategies. The constructed portfolio will be monitored throughout the period under review. The reasons why it is performing in a certain way is examined. Policy Statement This is a statement of Investment Policy and investment goals, which establish the investment management procedures. The five basic components of the statement include; Summary of investor circumstances. Investment objectives, time horizon and risk attitudes. Permissible asset classes, constraints and restrictions. The asset allocation decisions. Selection, monitoring and control procedures. For an investor, investment policy depends on circumstances (Winfield, 2005). Institutional investor will be concerned with long-term investments as opposed to an individual investor who will be limited to personal factors such as financial situation, age, family circumstances, and personal preferences to risk. An elderly investor will invest in investments which are short-term though the risks might be high as opposed to a young investor. Diversification comes in for the issue of risks. Diversification is a risk limiting strategy. Since I am a young investor, I would like to diversify my investment and also take a greater amount of risk to enhance the potential earnings on the investment. According to Winfield (2005), as a

Criminal Justices Ethics Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justices Ethics Essay A few months ago, a woman was brutally raped, beaten and left for dead. Since the attack she remains in a coma. This case has risen to national prominence as an example of how today’s youth no longer respects fundamental social values, television and video game violence has desensitized young men to the consequences of crimes such as assault and rape, and as a demonstration of the inability of the police to keep the streets safe for law-abiding citizens. My partner and I work in the criminal justice system as police officers and handle most of the homicide cases in our area. The publicity from this crime has placed our police department under pressure to send someone to trial for this crime immediately. A gang of young men were spotted in the areas where the victim was found assaulting and threatening people that were passing by. Two members of the gang were arrested. The two members are both male and 14 years of age that both have previous records of robbery and assault. Our obligation as police officers is to follow the policy and ethical standards of our police department and the law, which states, minors must be informed of their legal right to have their parents present during the interrogation and to use videotape during important interviews. However, my partner has pushed his ethical obligation aside and interviews both of the minors while deciding not to contact their parents or tape the interrogation. When I confront him about the policy’s that did not take place he tells me not to worry about it that both minors are guilty as sin and we can close the case. His actions are unethical and don’t not follow the policy of prosecuting the guilty, respecting the rights of the accused, and creating a safe community. Ethics is crucial in decisions involving discretion, force, and due process, because criminal justice professionals can be tempted to abuse their powers (Felkins, 1987). I report this to my supervisor only for him to tell me to trust my partner and go to trial. Both suspects are arrested and bound for trial. Bail is denied. I do not feel good about proceeding with this. The organizational culture represented by my supervisor gives the answer to my partners’ behavior. The supervisor plays a large role in defining organizational culture by his actions and leadership. Both my supervisor and my partner have decided to use â€Å"moral relativism† which is the ethical premise â€Å"that decisions about right and wrong are purely personal and subjective and according to it, whatever anyone claims to be morally acceptable is morally acceptable, at least for that person. They have not thought about the consequences of their actions and how they may be beneficial or harmful from the result. In order to do so one must analyze the issues and make judgments by studying the details of the case, identifying the relevant criteria, determining possible course of action, and deciding which action is most ethical. I will choose to detach myself from the case. I cannot afford to lose my job by not following the legal or ethical standards. Laws have penalties when cases are violated and these penalties can be very severe if you violate legal norms. I believe that both my partner and supervisor have violated legal norms as well as ethical standards. References Felkenes, G. (1987). â€Å"Ethics in the Graduate Criminal Justice Curriculum.† Teaching Philosophy 10(1): 23–26. Ruggiero, V. R. (2008). Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues (Seventh ed.). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Trumans Blunder: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Essay examples -

The atomic policy against Japan was closely related to the fear of Soviet expansion in Asia. U.S. leaders were strongly conscious of Russia’s agreement at Yalta to join the war against Japan three months past Germany’s surrender on May 7, 1945 (Fogelman, 124). Among the U.S. invasion of Japan planned for November 1, 1945, U.S. officials were doubtful about the cooperative mission with Russia in which Russia would have power at the peace table. However, the successful detonation at Alamogordo had transformed everything. The bomb guaranteed that the U.S. no longer required Russian aid to win in the Pacific (Wainstock, 132). In reality, Russian involvement would now only threaten American postwar interests. If successful, the atomic bomb had clear long-term political and diplomatic repercussions. Nearly all of the president’s primary consultants on were in agreement regarding the issue (Robert Jay Lifton, 216). The overall agreement was that the bomb would be a radical new force in influencing American policy and assist in dealing with numerous problems of the postwar world. Anti-Asian bigotries, with their origins in the 19th century, added to the way Americans rapidly radicalized World War II within Asia. Racist beliefs concerning the Japanese reached its highest in the aftershock of the destructive surprise attack at Pearl Harbor (Maddox, 138). Americans started to classify World War II as two very different wars, the Pacific war and the European war. In Europe, Hitler and the Nazis were identified as enemies and were distinguished from the German people as a whole. On the other hand, in the Pacific, American antagonism was usually targeted the entire Japanese race or the â€Å"Japs† as they were called. Throughout the war, the Ja... ...ure negotiations with the Soviets, the bomb had the opposite result. Instantly after Hiroshima, Stalin commanded Soviet nuclear scientists to catch up with the technology obtained by their rival, establishing the race for world dominance (Alperovitz, 416). The Soviets successfully tested its first atomic bomb on September 23, 1949; and the changeover to the atomic age had been established (Alperovitz, 419). One thing is clear; the atomic bomb was not necessary in winning the Pacific war. Nevertheless, the dominant statement in both the Roosevelt and Truman administration was that the bomb would be utilized against the enemy. The bomb functioned with a double role in quickly ending the war and instituting U.S. hegemony worldwide. However, the severe repercussions of the bomb’s utilization are far greater than the weapon’s accomplishment of concluding World War II.

Short story written by Martin Espada Essay

Niggerlips is a short story written by Martin Espada and is located in the bilingual book of poems called Cool Salsa edited by Lori M. Carlson on pages 73-74. My interpretation of the historical implications in the writing is when he notes the great grandfather’s time and place of existence, Coffee Hills in Puerto Rico 1900’s. The writing also includes a section describing how a young villain student, Douglas, who attended elementary school with the grandson, would frighten young black children playing on the sidewalk with an unloaded gun in their communities. This to me indicates a time in history where racism and violence were not considered radical acts as most would in today’s modern society, but that’s not to say that it still doesn’t happen today especially in southern states like Arizona or Arkansas for example. In this era, sinister behavior like Douglas’s was somewhat acceptable in a sense from the 1960’s and prior for many ye ars and included harsher treatments. For example, during the civil rights movement in the 1960’s, police were treating minority groups with fierce aggression that included unjust assault on men, women, and children. I also picked up the sense that the great grandfather, Luis, was more of a burden to his family rather than a beloved member. It were as if the family was disowning or hiding him from the family legacy for having black skin and assuming curly hair which are dominant traits in the Puerto Rican nationality. The conflicts imply a historic era engulfed by prejudice that defines entire races to be inferior to others and often made scapegoats for others as well. They also represent a time when hate and violence were accepted in communities as a status quo for reasons that are beyond petty such as how they look, their income, gender, sexual preference, and religion. These types of traits are not optional to the human being, but rather a forced stamp on an envelope that c annot be undone in a natural manner. This literature is a drama and I say this because it tells the story of heritage and shame which is not depicted in any form of humor by the author. It tells about one of the many acts of violence in a clear and precise tone and its causation, racism. The violence was targeted by innocent children who could not change their economics, education, politics, or genetics to avoid being a victim of such cruel punishment by Douglas and others like him. The author uses metaphors and interesting words to creatively describe the events that occurred. For example, the text reads a line that includes the phrase, â€Å"stubborn copper skin† (Cool Salsa, Carlson) to describe Luis’s black skin to be a pest to his future generations and will not go away regardless of the amount of powder used to cover it up. The author also uses the metaphor, â€Å"a fly in milk† (Cool Salsa, Carlson) to describe his existence as in being a constant reminder of their inferior Puerto Rican roots in a society that thought them less. Lastly, at the end of the text the main character uses the words â€Å"unloaded gun† to show a sense of inner power he has that trump’s the horrible acts bragged about by Douglas indicating that he is aware of what’s going on and that he can deal with it in his own independent way. The tone was pride, perseverance, and shame. Douglas was proud of his hate crimes and showed it by bragging about it to his classmates. He even bragged about it in front of students who were victimized themselves with no thought to their regard at all. The main character overcame his struggle of having black skin and big lips by acknowledging that he was similar to his great grandfather even though the rest of his family tried not to. The family openly expressed their feelings of shame by refusing to keep a picture of him in the home as if they despised their Puerto Rican ancestry. They tell stories of Luis using a powder in an attempt to bleach his skin as memories for the grandchildren as if making a mock of him. The theme is about a boy facing racism in a society that allows it and is exposed to his family’s negative feelings toward their Puerto Rican roots by disowning Luis, the ancestor. The story reflects a type of dà ©jà   vu between the main character, the great grandson, and Luis, the great grandfather, because of their Puerto Rican traits that they shared that consisted of big lips and black skin that were social hardships for both men within their historic time periods. The theme also includes violence, racism, deadly weapons without ammunition. My personal opinion of this literature is sadness towards Luis, the great grandfather, for having Puerto Rican traits like big lips. Also, the part that mentions white powder used to cover up Luis’s black skin is as if he were trying to erase his authentic identity to create another that was more fitting for his own personal interest and of his family. As I read the story, I also felt feelings of anger towards Douglas for the very purpose of trying to bring mental or physical harm to innocent people. I did however; get a sense of contentment for the main character in the end with his choice of words and persevering tone, Douglas’s unloaded gun. It’s as if he were saying that he can take on the whole world, as ugly as it can be, and persevere through it. I also find it difficult to imagine, realistically, the struggles that the young black children faced onward throughout their lives with this event as another similar memory added to the many they probably faced.

Interaction and Communication Essay

1. Understand the factors that can affect interaction and communication of individuals with dementia Explain how physical and mental health factors may need to be consider when communicating with an individual who has dementia. There are many factors to consider such as pain, pain can cause misunderstandings as individuals may be in so much discomfort they cannot what they want and how they are feeling. Depression can closely link with dementia and sometimes are mistaken for one another, if a resident has depression they may not want to communicate with other people which may force them to become more secluded and withdrawn unless correct help is introduced. Non-verbal communication may be present with some individuals; this is a factor to be considered. Non-verbal may be in the form of gestures, facial expressions and touch this is important for people with dementia who have lost or are losing their language skills. Mental health factors can be linked to aggression, if a resident can cause harm to self or others changes the way we approach that person. Describe how to support diffe rent communication abilities and needs of an individual with dementia who has sensory impairment. Sensory impairment could come in the form of loss of hearing or sight or partial loss of these factors. Ways to support these impairments could be the environment, background noise could be a factor which makes communication difficult for an individual they may find it hard to hear you talk or unable to communicate. Lighting may affect communication if a pace is too bright or not well lit then it may confuse a resident as they are unable to see and concentrate on what is being said. Is there any other distractions around that could confuse the service user such as music or activities full concentration may be needed. Sensory impairment may require the use of non verbal communication, gestures or facial expressions may help with what is being said. Other non-verbal may be the use of pictures or photographs to convey questions. If a person is deaf and contracted this at an early age they may need the use of sign language or if English s not a first language the use of an interpreter. W hen talking to someone who is impaired and living with dementia we must talk at a slower pace, used short simple sentences and speak clearly. 2.be able to  communicate with an individual with dementia using a range of verbal and non-verbal techniques. Read more:  Role of Communication and Interactions With Individuals Who Have Dementia Analyse ways of responding to behaviour of an individual with dementia, taking account of the abilities and needs of the individual, carers and others. All service users are individual and use different ways to communicate, carers must understand these different methods and try their best to help, speak and ask questions in a way that individual living with dementia will understand, this may be through appropriate physical contact for reassurance or using non verbal gestures. Mr. R is a resident living with dementia, although Mr. R is on end of life care he is very strong and can have periods of aggression. Sometimes when trying to communicate Mr. R can become frustrated as due to his progression of dementia he has slurred speech and cannot form full sentences. This frustration can turn into violence towards others when Mr. R feels he is not being understood, carers use short sentences and allow Mr. R time for him to make choices, we use non verbal communication, pictures and point t o objects. If Mr. R does become aggressive it’s the carers duty to step away from the situation, this is safe for the resident not to cause harm to themselves, carers and others around. Be able to use positive interaction approaches with individuals with dementia. Explain the differences between a reality orientation approach to interaction and a validation approach. Reality orientation approach technique to help manage and improve cognition and memory, relearning to improve response to gain confidence, the theory uses time, venue, place, people and objects as the basis, if individuals know all these things on one particular interaction they will be able to understand what they are doing and gain confidence about themselves. Aids come in the form of big clock, large calendars, name tags ect. For example if a resident is greeted and unable to remember where they are and what they are doing, if this is explained and validated by names, places and times they will be relieved and settled. If that resident using this approach looks at the clock in the morning this may trigger the decision to get up, wash and dress for breakfast as this is what they would usually do at that time. Validation therapy is instead of bringing a person back to that realit y of dates and times is to step in to their reality to comfort and reduce anxiety. Mr. P every morning asks about her husband, when she realise her husband has passed she becomes very upset and unsettled for  the whole day and will not eat meals, stepping into Mrs. P’s reality as she thinks he is at work reduces her anxiety, improves eating habits, reduces conflicts and improves self esteem.

Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essays

Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essays Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essay Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essay Puma is a major German transnational company that produces high-end athletic places, lifestyle footwear and other athletic wear. Formed in 1924 by Rudolf Dassler, the company is based in Herzogenaurach, Germany. The company is known for its football places and has sponsored the football players, including, Johan Cruijff, Enzo Francescoli, Diego Maradona, Lothar Matthaus, Kenny. Puma is besides the patron of the Jamaica path jock Usain Bolt who won three gold decorations by interrupting the work forces s 100m, 200m and 4x100m universe records in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the United States, the company is likely best-known for the hoops shoe it introduced in 1968, which has the name of New York Knicks hoops star Walt Clyde Frazier, and for its partnership with Joe Namath. The company besides offers lines places and athleticss vesture, designed by Lamine Kouyate, Amy Garbers, and others. Since 1996 Puma has intensified its activities in the United States. Puma owns 25 % of American trade name athleticss vesture shaper Logo Athletic, which is licensed by American professional hoops and association football. Since 2007 Puma AG has been portion of the Gallic luxury group PPR. The quality of employees and their development through preparation and instruction are major factors in finding long-run profitableness of a little concern. If you hire and maintain good employees, it is good policy to put in the development of their accomplishments, so they can increase their productiveness. Training frequently is considered for new employees merely. This is a error because ongoing preparation for current employees helps them adjust to altering occupation demands. Purpose of Training and Development Reasons for the growing and development of forces include Making a pool of readily available and equal replacings for forces who may go forth or travel up in the organisation. Enhancing the company s ability to follow and utilize progresss in engineering because of a sufficiently knowing staff. Constructing a more efficient, effectual and extremely motivated squad, which enhances the company s competitory place and improves employee morale. Guaranting equal human resources for enlargement into new plans. Research has shown specific benefits that a little concern receives from preparation and developing its workers, including: Increased productiveness. Reduced employee turnover. Increased efficiency ensuing in fiscal additions. Decreased demand for supervising. Employees often develop a greater sense of dignity, self-respect and wellbeing as they become more valuable to the house and to society. Generally they will have a greater portion of the stuff additions that result from their increased productiveness. These factors give them a sense of satisfaction through the accomplishment of personal and company ends. The Training Procedure Choice of Trainees For a little concern, this inquiry is important. Training an employee is expensive, particularly when he or she leaves your house for a better occupation. Therefore, it is of import to carefully choose who will be trained. Training plans should be designed to see the ability of the employee to larn the stuff and to utilize it efficaciously, and to do the most efficient usage of resources possible. It is besides of import that employees be motivated by the preparation experience. Employee failure in the plan is non merely damaging to the employee but a waste of money as good. Choosing the right trainees is of import to the success of the plan. Training Goals The ends of the preparation plan should associate straight to the demands determined by the appraisal procedure outlined above. Course aims should clearly province what behavior or skill will be changed as a consequence of the preparation and should associate to the mission and strategic program of the company. Goals should include mileposts to assist take the employee from where he or she is today to where the house wants him or her in the hereafter. Puting ends helps to measure the preparation plan and besides to actuate employees. Leting employees to take part in puting ends increases the chance of success. Training Methods There are two wide types of preparation available to little concerns: on-the-job and off-the-job techniques. Individual fortunes and the who, what and why of your preparation plan determine which method to utilize. On-the-job preparation is delivered to employees while they perform their regular occupations. In this manner, they do non lose clip while they are larning. After a program is developed for what should be taught, employees should be informed of the inside informations. A timetable should be established with periodic ratings to inform employees about their advancement. On-the-job techniques include orientations, occupation direction preparation, apprenticeships, internships and assistantships, occupation rotary motion and coaching. Off-the-job techniques include talks, particular survey, movies, telecasting conferences or treatments, instance surveies, function playing, simulation, programmed direction and research lab preparation. Most of these techniques can be used by little concerns although, some may be excessively dearly-won. Recession off the occupation technique used by the cougar such as talks, particular survey and more more installations are besides provided to their employees with the up to day of the month techniques and as per the recession had the bad consequence on the economic system and the company besides took up the disciplinary steps to acquire rid through this difficult clip. and as per the company was passing long procedure of preparation and to cut the cost it has lesser the clip of the preparation procedure. cougar reported 2nd one-fourth grosss of a‚Â ¬2.91 billion, a 19 % addition from the a‚Â ¬2.45 billion in 2009. Net income, on the other manus, soared 1300 % to a‚Â ¬126 million from a‚Â ¬9 million the twelvemonth earlier. The company attributed this success chiefly to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. At present the company has workforce around 103000-105000 work force and the company turnover rate is around 2 % -5 % which is really less by planetary criterions. Puma have dedicated Centres for developing their entry degree. Reebok significantly outsources the same. Besides developing is more vocational where in focal point is on learning persons tools instead than basicss ( nevertheless their WASE plan for BSc folks is an exclusion ) . I know it will be strongly objected to by Reebok folks but I suggest they do a speedy canvass. REEBOK OVERVIEW Reebok International feels comfy stepping out onto any surface. The company has long been at place in featuring spheres as a top US shaper of athletic places, behindA NIKE. In add-on to its namesake athletic wear and accoutrements, Reebok athleticss Rockport and Reebok places and caters to hockey aficionados through itsA RebookA unit. It operates more than 220 retail shops. Reebok, which has been credited as lighting the aerobic exercise fad, patrons athleticss stars and has taken paces to hike its manner quotient. Its Your Move ad run aims to spur clients to do Reebok portion of their personal fittingness goals.A adidasA has owned Reebok since 2006. TheA Reebok StadiumA is the homeA stadiumA ofA English Premier LeagueA football clubA Bolton Wanderers, and is located on theA Middlebrook Retail ParkA inA Horwich, in theA Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, A Greater Manchester.It is normally known as TheA Reebok . It has four bases: TheA Bolton Evening NewsA Stand at one terminal, the So uth Stand at the other terminal, the West Stand at one side of the pitch and the Nat Lofthouse Stand at the other side. The bowl has a hotel built into it giving arresting positions of the pitch from some of the suites. Training methods Off-The Job Training: Reebok has used the off the occupation preparation. School or Institutions is established to supply preparation to all types of individuals. A plan of preparation is designed to accommodate the demand of the occupation which the trainee occupies. Some different classs are arranged for detached group employees. There are several methods of Off-The Job Training aˆ?Role Playing aˆ?Lecture Method aˆ?Conference Method+ aˆ?Vestibule Consequence of recession It was stated that more than 950,000 staff found that the downswing had adversely affected the acquisition and development scheme of 59 % of the organisations surveyed. Two-thirdss of these responded by cut downing their preparation spend, with 63 % holding to cut back on acquisition and development, 30 % cut downing in-house preparation, and 24 % seeing preparation end product reduced. However, 65 % of organisations have stepped up their attempts to develop employee accomplishments and competences in the face of the downswing, frequently with decreased resources. Ninety-five per cent said alining employee accomplishments with concern ends was a major concern when planning acquisition and development activities. Other major influences included bettering competency and proficient accomplishments ( 83 % ) ; upgrading line directors people direction accomplishments ( 82 % ) ; and set uping effectual leading ( 78 % ) ( see chart, right ) . About three-fifths ( 59 % ) have had to reevaluate their preparation methods in a command to minimise costs, while 20 % have embarked on an employee retraining exercising to help redisposition in their organisation. The average preparation spend per employee was found to be ?334. In footings of the types of preparation activities used, the most common method for executives and managers was the usage of external, one-off conferences and seminars ( 81 % ) , followed by training and mentoring by external practicians ( 60 % ) , and aid from co-workers ( 56 % ) . But in footings of effectivity, coaching was the clear victor, cited by 45 % of respondents. It is besides going an progressively popular development method for directors, used by 65 % . For non-managerial staff, OFF-the-job preparation was the most popular method ( 94 % ) , followed by informal aid from co-workers ( 94 % ) , and in-house classroom-style preparation ( 92 % ) . Predictions for the following outgo reappraisal were glooming, with 32 % anticipating developing spend to fall ( compared with 16 % in 2007 ) , and 18 % expecting a rise ( compared with 39 % in 2007 ) . Forty-three per cent believed their preparation budget would stay the same. Analysis of cougar and Reebok Both the companies making good as the preparation and development procedure for their employees and immense sum of their budget was allocated to their preparation and development. But the Reebok was more good in supplying all the above preparation and so, we come to the decision that Reebok more good than cougars but during the recession there is more consequence on the Reebok so harmonizing to the budget the Reebok is good than the cougar and the quality of the Reebok is much batter than the cougar.. cougar has come through the recession as more faster than Reebok and the techniques which are applied were more effectual than Reebok but as Reebok has besides been awarded as the best employer but the abrasion discount of cougar was really less as comparison to the desired criterions and besides the preparation techniques of Reebok were non so successful than cougar and from the information it is clear that Reebok has done good occupation in acquiring trough the difficult clip without taking to unemployment. Suggestion Harmonizing to me the cougar is traveling good but if we see the harmonizing to the recession the cougar is traveling good but after the recession the Reebok is much better than the cougar as per we see the budget and all the Reebok is good on the another side the both companies use the off the occupation preparation which is really good for their employees because of the off the occupation developing Reebok perform good than the cougar.

Famous Quotes from Margaret Thatcher

Famous Quotes from Margaret Thatcher The Iron Lady of British politics, Margaret Thatcher was the longest continuously serving prime minister since 1827. Her conservative politics led to the implementation of such radical policies as the poll tax. Quotes by Margaret Thatcher We want a society where people are free to make choices, to make mistakes, to be generous and compassionate. This is what we mean by a moral society; not a society where the state is responsible for everything, and no one is responsible for the state. The younger generation doesnt want equality and regimentation, but opportunity to shape their world while showing compassion to those in real need. Economics are the method; the object is to change the soul. In politics if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman. Any woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country. Ive got a womans ability to stick to a job and get on with it when everyone else walks off and leaves it. It may be the cock that crows, but it is the hen that lays the eggs. The womans mission is not to enhance the masculine spirit, but to express the feminine; hers is not to preserve a man-made world but to create a human world by the infusion of the feminine element into all of its activities. I owe nothing to Womens Lib. The battle for womens rights has been largely won. Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you arent. The wisdom of hindsight, so useful to historians and indeed to authors of memoirs, is sadly denied to practicing politicians. There is no such thing as Society. There are individual men and women, and there are families. As God once said, and I think rightly... If you just set out to be liked, you would be prepared to compromise on anything at any time, and you would achieve nothing. I love argument, I love debate. I dont expect anyone just to sit there and agree with me, thats not their job. I always cheer up immensely if an attack is particularly wounding because I think, well, if they attack one personally, it means they have not a single political argument left. If my critics saw me walking over the Thames they would say it was because I couldnt swim. Im extraordinarily patient provided I get my own way in the end. To wear your heart on your sleeve isnt a very good plan; you should wear it inside, where it functions best. Standing in the middle of the road is very dangerous; you get knocked down by the traffic from both sides. To me, consensus seems to be the process of abandoning all beliefs, principles, values, and policies. So it is something in which no one believes and to which no one objects. U-turn if you want to. The ladys not for turning. You may have to fight a battle more than once to win it. What is success? I think it is a mixture of having a flair for the thing that you are doing; knowing that it is not enough, that you have got to have hard work and a certain sense of purpose. Look at a day when you are supremely satisfied at the end. its not a day when you lounge around doing nothing; its when youve had everything to do and youve done it. I am in politics because of the conflict between good and evil, and I believe that in the end good will triumph. After almost any major operation, you feel worse before you convalesce. But you do not refuse the operation. Do you think you would ever have heard of Christianity if the Apostles had gone out and said, I believe in consensus? And what a prize we have to fight for: no less than the chance to banish from our land the dark divisive clouds of Marxist socialism. You cannot have the dream of building up your own fortune by your own hopes, your own hands, and your own British guts. Democratic nations must try to find ways to starve the terrorist and the hijacker of the oxygen of publicity on which they depend. Let our children grow tall, and some taller than others if they have it in them to do so. A world without nuclear weapons would be less stable and more dangerous for all of us. You dont tell deliberate lies, but sometimes you have to be evasive. The government has failed the nation. It has lost credibility and it is time for it to go.   (just before her win in 1979) All attempts to destroy democracy by terrorism will fail. It must be business as usual. Europe will never be like America. Europe is a product of history. America is a product of philosophy. We lost 255 of our best young men. I felt every one.  (about the Falklands War) I wouldnt want to be prime minister; you have to give yourself 100 percent. It will be years- and not in my time- before a woman will lead the party or become prime minister.  (1974) I hope to go on and on. There is so much still to do.  (just before winning a third term) I have no wish to retire for a very long time. I am still bursting with energy.  (just before winning a third term) You need quite good shock absorbers and a sense of humor to be the Prime Ministers child. Quotes About Margaret Thatcher She approaches the problems of our country with all the one-dimensional subtlety of a comic-strip.   –  Denis Healey Attila the Hen.   –  Clement Freud In Margaret Thatchers view, her sex is an irrelevancy, and she is annoyed by people who make too much of a fuss over it.   –  Allan Mayer, biographer Margaret Thatchers great strength seems to be the better people know her, the better they like her. But, of course, she has one great disadvantage- she is a daughter of the people and looks trim, as the daughters of the people desire to be. Shirley Williams has such an advantage over her because shes a member of the upper-middle class and can achieve that kitchen-sink-revolutionary look that one cannot get unless one has been to a really good school.   –  Rebecca West For the past few months, she has been charging about like some bargain basement  Boadicea.   –  Denis Healey Thatchers impatience is undiminished. Head thrust forward, purse in hand, she marches on, pursuing her crusade to put the great back into Great Britain.   –   Los Angeles Times, about her third term When Mrs. Thatcher says she has a nostalgia for Victorian values I dont think she realizes that 90 percent of her nostalgia would be satisfied in the Soviet Union.   –   Peter Ustinov Shes never seen an institution she doesnt want to bash with her handbag.   –  Anthony Bevins Although a populist, she is the ultimate argument against the contention that a political leader needs, in her person, to be unpopular.   –  Hugh Young, biographer The thought that she might not be right has never crossed Mrs. Thatchers mind. It is a strength in a politician.   –  Labor Party deputy leader Ray Hattersley Thatchers memoirs are essential for an understanding of her time because they capture all the qualities of her character and, inevitably, some of her defects as well. They are lucid, opinionated, self-assured, wide-ranging and indispensable.   –  Henry Kissinger Reality hasnt really intervened in my mothers life since the seventies.   –  Carol Thatcher, Margaret Thatchers daughter The biggest story of 1982 was the Falklands war. The second biggest also involved my mother... and me.   –  Mark Thatcher, Margaret Thatchers son, about his disappearance in 1982 during an automobile race I dont pretend that Im anything but an honest-to-God right-winger- those are my views and I dont care who knows em.   –  Denis Thatcher in 1970 about himself I think I have become a bit of an institution- you know, the sort of thing people expect to see around the place.   –  Margaret Thatcher about herself

Business Continuity Management - Risk Management Essay

Business Continuity Management - Risk Management - Essay Example There are generally two types of risks that businesses face, the first is the risk of natural calamities and the second is the entrepreneurial risk. Here we are going to discuss the second type of risk factors of Royal Bank of Scotland. The second risk is the risk associated with the business functions, operations and the strategic decisions of the management. The concept of enterprise risk management arises in this scenario. Enterprise risk management is the process that affects the board of directors and other top level management of the organisation (Sadgrove, 2005, p. 3). The enterprise risk management process includes identification of and management of the risks that arises within the organisation. Enterprise risk management has many significant benefits, but at the same time few limitations also exists. It is many depended on the judgment of the human resource (Casualty Actuarial Society, 2003). So this signifies that if the human resource that is the employees or the manageme nt commits errors, then that might affect the measures taken for risk measurement. Apart from this, clash of decisions or view points between two individuals might also result in overriding the decisions of the management (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, 2004, p.5). The Business continuity management strategies is the core business function of any organisation for understanding the risk and also for designing the risk assessment measures. Business Continuity management helps the management to identify the difference between the problems and the risks. Crisis management and crisis communication are also involved in business continuity management because the risk faced by the organisations is generally for sudden crisis situations. Crisis is basically the unstable situations that may take place related to political, economical or social affair. So crisis management deals with management of risk of uncertainties. Business continuity policies or plans i nvolve the utilisation of resources to eliminate or transfer the risk that the organisations face during crisis situations (Blyth, 2009, Crisis Management). The process of risk management should be continuous and effective. It is the function of the business continuity management process to address the risk factors and understand the type of risks or crisis that the organisation is facing or about to face. This study would also deal with organisational crisis situations of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). It is one of the renowned banks in the world. RBS had a strong culture for risk management and controlling the activities for financial strength. The RBS was literally brought to its knees by the top level management of the organisation. The report of the Financial Services Authorities (FSA) stated that the crisis of the organisation was due to the deficiencies of the management and the organisational environment and culture of RBS before the crisis. The policies were liberal and they were not even revised for the betterment of the organisation (Barkho, 2011, p. 44). Crisis Management and Crisis Communication Crisis management and crisis communication are often used as interchangeable words in organisations, but there is little distinction between these two events. The crisis management basically deals with the reality part of any crisis that occurs in the organisation, while crisis communicat

Health Maintenance Organization vs. Health Savings Account Essay

Health Maintenance Organization vs. Health Savings Account - Essay Example Contributions to the plan are tax deductible and interest can effectively be accrued whilst the plan operates on a 'roll over' basis. The first point of view we shall look at here is from someone who opted for the Health Savings Account health plan. The individual here was actually in their mid-twenties and decided to take out the HSA plan at this relatively early stage in order to build a suitable sum of money that they could use to cover health costs at a later stage. However, less than a year later they found themselves in a position where the money was needed. The medical bill they incurred amounted to approximately $2000, however, due to the nature of the plan they were only liable for around 1400 of that. In addition, their employer had thus far contributed $560 and the remaining $840 could be deducted from taxes. Overall the individual only had to pay $168 on top of the annual premium which, given the circumstances, they felt was a good result. Moreover, the individual was imp ressed by the fact that the money could effectively cover aspects such as prescriptions, glasses and even visits to the dentist. The second account we shall deal with here also comes down on the side of the HSA plan as far as saving money is concerned. Their main point is how the fact that the contributions to the plan that are deducted from an individual's wages are actually done so at the pre-tax stage.

Job Analysis and Design Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Analysis and Design Paper - Essay Example Human Resources Manager (HRM) is a significant job not only to large firms but also to small enterprises. Some of the major duties of a HRM include selection and training of the employees, ensuring the safety of the employees, providing the conditions of the employment and advising the top management on the issues affecting the staff. In addition, human resources manager modify benefits policies to ensure that companies adopt competitive programs that are focused at retaining employees and attracting experienced staff (Ulrich, 1996). To ensure ethics within an organisation, Human Resources Manager advises the management on issues such as sexual harassment within the working environment as well as guiding the top managers on issues pertaining to equal employment opportunities. To ensure positive relationship between the employees and the management, Human Resources Manager acts as a referee in case of disputes in the work places. It is vital to note that to maintain a motivated staff, free intermingling between the employees and the management is imperative. In this regard, HRM establishes recreation programs that bring together the managers and other employees. To ensure other employees emulate their human resources manager, HRM is required to evaluate their weaknesses and strengths. In this way, they will notice the areas that need improvement. In the same way, HRM should develop a sense of responsibility among the employees. In this way, the staff will not only be motivated but also they will be held accountable for their actions during their

Support Networks For Young Homeless People

Support Networks For Young Homeless People The support network of leaving care and statutory homeless young people 16 and 17 years old living in homeless hostels Contents 1. Introduction 2. â€Å"Legal† literature 2.1. Youth homelessness in England 2.2. Housing provision for 16/17 years old homeless young people 2.3. Leaving care 3. â€Å"Psychological† literature 3.1. Social networks 4. Methodology 4.1. Methodology 4.2. Construction of the interview 4.3. Procedure 4.4. The pilot study 4.5. Sample 4.6. Analysis of the interviews: categorisation of contents 5. Research findings and discussion 6. Conclusion 1. Introduction Adolescence is a period where important changes occur in the relationship between young people and their parents (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991). It seems that as young people try to become more independent the amount of conflict with parents increases (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Laursen et al., 1998). Conflict levels seem to be higher in middle adolescence and decrease in late adolescence (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Laursen et al., 1998). However, in some cases the conflict can be so intense that adolescents are evicted from the parental home or leave by their own initiative to avoid or escape the conflict situations and as a result they may become homeless (CHAR, 1996; Ploeg Scholte, 1997; Smith, 1998; Fitzpatrick, 2000). Some leave their parental homes while they are under the age of 18 years old which means that legally they are still children. Therefore, these adolescents can be accommodated by the Children Services, under section 20 of the Children Act 1989, if considered to b e children â€Å"in need† according to section 17 of the same act or by the Housing Department as statutory homeless under the Homelessness Act 2002 after their inclusion in the priority list introduced by the The Homelessness (Priority Need for Accommodation) (England) Order 2002. Research on the topic of homeless young people found that among this group is possible to find a large number of adolescents that had been looked after by the Local Authorities. This adolescents suffered, in some cases, separations of years and several restrictions in the contact with their natural family. Yet, the Local Authorities still have parental duties regarding them and in most cases they had been accommodated in foster families. This can provide young people leaving care with additional sources of support. It is often stated in literature that the social networks of homeless young people are poor and that they lack quality supportive links. In a study by Pleace et al. (2008) that looked at families and 16 and 17 years old accepted as homeless, the findings show that the instrumental (practical help in a crisis situation) and emotional (having someone to talk to) support received by 16 and 17 years old is mainly given by friends and family but overall this group is significantly less supported then the national average. Although this study gives an idea of the support networks of these group it is quantitative research and it does not provide much more information on the composition and quality of the support networks. Additionally, more than half of the participants were already 18 years old at the time the interview was conducted. Another study by Lemos and Durkacz (2002) that included 26 vulnerable people with ages between 17 and 53 years old with a history of homelessness showed tha t homeless people maintain supportive contacts with family although they differ substantially in regularity. Furthermore, they found that the relationship homeless people have with peers are mainly with other people they meet in homeless settings and although there are long term friendships this pattern is not the most common. This study provides qualitative information on the social network of homeless people, however there was only one respondent of 17 years old, all the other participants were older. Moreover it approached individuals with a history of homelessness with means that some of the participants were already in permanent accommodation and others had been homeless for several years. Homeless hostels provide accommodation for statutory homeless and leaving care with 16 and 17 years old. The adolescents in this last group suffered, in some cases, separations of years and several restrictions in the contact with their natural family. Yet, the Local Authorities still have parental duties regarding them and in most cases they had been accommodated in foster families. This can provide young people leaving care with additional sources of support. In this study the two groups will be compared to determine the extent of support received and the existing differences. The findings of this study can be used to enrich the knowledge about this vulnerable group and provide relevant information to professionals working with them in order to create methods to better support this group. Research suggests that homeless young people have less support than their peers in the general population There are a number of studies in the United Kingdom on the topic of youth homelessness. However, not much specific about the support networks and especially not much about the support network of homeless young people aged 16 and 17 years old. Additionally, the existent research focuses on homeless young people as a group and does not take into account the different groups of single homeless young people as statutory homeless and care leavers. This study aims to examine the social networks of homeless 16 and 17 years old living in homeless hostels in London. It intends to find out the extent to which homeless young people have contact with family and friends and the quality of the support received from both sources. It also aims to find whether there are differences between the social networks of statutory homeless and leaving care young people aged 16 and 17. The present paper is divided in five parts. The first part intends to contextualise the study by giving the different meanings of homelessness, presenting a brief history of homeless youth in England emphasising the causes that triggered that phenomenon to emerge. Additionally, the legal definition of homeless person will be given and the housing policies will be looked at. Finally, it will be presented an explanation of the term leaving care, the relevant legislation, the factors that can trigger homelessness and the factors that can affect the support network of this group. In the second part, a definition of social network and support network will be provided paying attention to the constructs that can be used to assess the existence and the quality of support networks, the importance of support networks will be highlighted and a studies of homeless support networks will be described and analysed. In the third part the design of the research and the sample will be described, the a nalysis of the interviews will be made and categorisation of the contents presented. In fourth part the results will be analysed and discussed related to the categories created. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn. 2. Legal literature 2.1. Youth homelessness in England There is no consensual definition of homelessness, as the same word has different meanings for the government, the voluntary agencies that work with this group of people, the common citizen and the media (Pleace and Quilgars, 1999). For the general public the word homeless is likely to bring to mind images of someone without shelter, and in that sense homeless people are seen as those who sleep on the streets. However, a homeless person can also be a person that does not have a house and lives in emergency accommodation, is institutionalised, lives in temporary accommodation, such as bed and breakfasts hostels, refuges or lives with friends or relatives for a period of time. The term homeless can also be applicable to people that live in bad housing conditions, such as overcrowded houses, substandard houses or in environments that present a threat to the safety and wellbeing of the individual. Finally, the broader definition of homeless also includes people that do not have sufficie nt economic resources to buy or rent their own house and as a consequence have to share accommodation on a long-term basis (Thornton, 1990 and Fitzpatrick et al. 2000). There is a legal definition of homelessness that will be given in the next section. However, for the purpose of this study young homeless people are those who are living in temporary accommodation and specifically homeless hostels. The phenomenon of homelessness among young people in Britain rose significantly during the 1980’s and 1990’s (Quilgars et al., 2008) due to a conjunction of economic, social and political factors (Thornton, 1990). In the 1970’s, a crisis in the oil industry led to a world economic recession that resulted in the closure of some companies and in a reduction in the recruitment or the redundancy of workers in others. This situation affected the manufacturing industries and in the United Kingdom it had a major impact on industries such as mining and ship-building. There was consequently a reduction in the number of jobs available or a complete lack of jobs in that industry, affecting particularly some areas of the country. The unemployment rate increased. Young school leavers, with almost no qualifications and with little or no work experience, that previously were able to get unskilled jobs were particularly affected. The increase in the rate of unemployment in some parts of the country made young people move to larger cities where they were more likely to find work in the service industry that had started to expand during the 1980’s (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). However, the vast num ber of people that moved to big cities hoping to find a job, in conjunction with other demographic and social factors, aggravated the shortage of affordable houses . Consequently, in cities like London during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s it was possible to find a large number of young people sleeping in the streets (Smith, 1999). Some young people could not get a job and for those who managed to find work, the significant difference between their wages and those of adults made it harder for this group to compete in the housing market (Thornton, 1990). The growth of youth unemployment resulted in an increase in the number of benefit claims made by this group, which had a significant impact on the social security budget (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). To reduce the benefits bill, the government introduced changes in the Social Security Benefits (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). Until the late 1980’s unemployed young people were entitled to Supplementary Benefit that paid board and lodging allowances which permitted them to live in bed and breakfasts . However, by the end of that decade with the Social Security Act 1988 (Fitzpatrick, 2000) those benefits were discontinued and replaced by Income Support and Housing Benefit . The new benefit system introduced different payment rates according to the age of the applicant and young people aged 16 to 25 years old were entitled to the smallest amounts . When this system was introduced it was thought that it would discourage young people from leaving their parents’ home before they ha d sufficient economical resources to support themselves . Nevertheless, the effect, at least in the years following its implementation, was the opposite and there was an increase in the number of young people, that without having the opportunity to return home, ended up sleeping on the streets or accumulating huge debts (Thornton, 1990). Young people aged 16 and 17 were the most affected by the change in the benefit system as they could only claim Income Support in exceptional circumstances (Fitzpatrick, 2000). This included couples with children, single mothers, pregnant women, young people with mental or physical health problems or young people that attended full-time education (not higher education) and were estranged from their parents (Income support: information for new costumers, 2000). In 1986, the government extended the existing Youth Training Schemes, created in 1983, from one to two years in order to solve the problem of the high rate of unemployment among compulsory school leavers aged 16 and 17 and the forthcoming exclusion from the social security benefit system . This programme intended to provide young people with the adequate skills to successfully apply for a job and during the training period all trainees were entitled to a small weekly allowance . However, this measure was not successful as on the one hand, the government could not guarantee a sufficient number of work places for all 16 and 17 year olds (Fitzpatrick, 2000) and on the other hand, for many young people the chances of finding a job after finishing the training did not increase significantly (Hutson and Liddiard,1997). In addition to all of this, a change in demographic and social factors such as the increasing rate of divorces and separations, the increased longevity of life and the rise in the average age of people when they first got married resulted in more single households . With more people in need of housing, the number of affordable houses available in the market decreased significantly making it more difficult for young people to become independent from their parents and be able to live in a house of their own . While in the late 1980’s the main reason for homelessness among young people seemed to be the result of unemployment, that had made adolescents move from their home towns to bigger cities in order to find a job, in the early 1990’s the majority of homeless young people had left their parental home due to family conflict (Smith, 1998 and Smith, 1999). This is consistent with the findings from research conducted by Centrepoint. This organisation found that in 1987 hal f of the young people who had participated in the study had left the family home to find work or to live independently and that in 1996 almost all the young people (86 percent) had been forced to leave the parental home due to family conflict (Centrepoint, 1996 cited by CHAR). More recently, it was also found that 65 percent of the young people aged 16 and 17 accepted as statutory homeless participating in one survey had left the family home due to relationship breakdown, which confirms that currently this is still the main reason for adolescents to leave the family home (Pleace et al.,2008). The change in circumstances that resulted in young people leaving the family home can be attributed to a combination of factors. Firstly, the change in family structures linked to the breakdown of nuclear families and the posterior family reconstitution (CHAR, 1996) can act as a trigger due to conflict in the relationship between the young person and the parent or step-parent (Thornton, 1990). It can also be the case that the remarriage of parents results in overcrowded households which could put an enormous pressure on the older children to leave the house (Thornton, 1990). Secondly, the fact that parents lose child benefit and have reductions in income support and housing benefit when the child reaches a certain age (16 years old ) can lead to tensions resulting from the economic dependency (CHAR, 1996). Finally, poverty, poor housing conditions and overcrowded houses can cause stress and anxiety that might also lead to conflict (CHAR, 1996). After leaving the family home, there were not many options available for young people other than sleeping on the streets, staying with friends or family or approaching the housing departments and registering oneself as homeless. Accessing the private rented sector was complicated for young people as the rents were high, there was normally need for an initial deposit and for those not yet 18 years old it is not possible to hold a legal tenancy. For the under 18’s council housing could still be a solution, however, the massive selling of council houses during the 1980’s caused a reduction in the number of social houses available . Furthermore, this group was not considered in priority need for accommodation until 2002 (this will be explained in the next section). The number of people sleeping rough in Central London increased so much during the late 1980’s that the government was forced to implement measures to respond to the problem of street homelessness (Fitzpa trick et al., 2005 and Smith, 1999). Therefore, in 1990 the Rough Sleepers’ Initiative was created with the aim of tackling street homelessness by providing outreach services, hostels and winter shelters (Smith, 1999). This initiative showed positive outcomes as it reduced largely, mainly in the first years of intervention, the number of rough sleepers in the centre of the capital (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005). Consequently, in 1996 this programme was extended to the rest of the country (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005). The number of 16 and 17 year olds accepted as statutory homeless increased continuously from 1997/1998 (3,150) to 2003/2004 (11,050), having this peak probably resulted from changes in the homeless policies introduced in 2002. However, since then, the number of young people accepted as statutory homeless has been decreasing and in 2006/2007 reached 6,384 (Quilgars et al., 2008). Due to the current economic recession, the rate of unemployment has increased in the last few months . Once again the most affected are young school leavers aged 16 and 17. According to government statistics in March/May 2009 the percentage of unemployment among 16 and 17 year olds reached 30.5 percent . Difficulty in finding work and not yet being entitled to claim benefits makes young people economically dependent on their parents, a fact that can cause tensions in the family which in turn can be a trigger for homelessness (CHAR, 1996). Nevertheless, the number of statutory homeless young people 16 and 17 year olds and 18 to 20 year olds care leavers accepted as statutory homeless has been decreasing since 2003 and in 2008 was 3,870 . These numbers, however, do not include young people that did not approach the Local Authority and might be sleeping rough or staying with family members or friends. 2.2. Housing provision for 16/17 years old homeless young people The first law in the United Kingdom to define homelessness in legal terms (Pleace et al., 1997) and to recognise it as a housing problem was the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 (Lowe, 1997). This Act was also the first piece of legislation to place a duty on Local Authorities to re-house on a permanent basis and as a matter of priority households considered homeless; as long as they provided proof that they could not arrange accommodation by their own means (Pleace, 1997; Lowe, 1997 and Pleace, 2008). The definition of homeless person used in that act remained basically in the same terms within the Housing Act 1985. This last piece of legislation introduced the notion of priority need for accommodation and the groups that would fit into those criteria. Young people would only be considered in priority need under this act if they were considered to be at risk of sexual or financial exploitation (Thorton, 1990). In the United Kingdom the definition of homeless person currently in use is given by the Housing Act 1996, and although with some minor changes stays fundamentally the same as in the previous acts (Pleace, 1997). Thus, the definition of statutory homeless stated in section 175 of that act refers to a person that has no accommodation in the United Kingdom or elsewhere or a person for whom it is unsafe to enter their accommodation or someone that is at risk of becoming homeless within 28 days. Additionally, a person can apply as homeless if there is a risk of domestic violence or another type of violence for them or a member of their family (Housing Act 1996, s177). The act also lists in section 189 the groups of people that are considered to be in priority need of accommodation. These groups include pregnant women, families with children, people that are vulnerable due to old age, people that have a mental or physical illness and people that are homeless as a result of flooding, fire or other emergency disaster. This act introduced an inquiry stage, where a person applying as homeless had to show that he/she was eligible for assistance by the Local Authority Housing Department (Housing Act 1996, s184). However, one of the major changes introduced by this act, under section 193, was the reduction of the duty of Local Authorities to secure accommodation for homeless households (Cloke et al., 2000). The Local Authorities under this act had the duty to provide homeless people with the minimum of two years in temporary accommodation with the possibility of revising this provision after that period (Housing Act 1996, s193). In the meantime the details of the homeless households would be entered into the housing register and they would be put on a waiting list together with all other people that had applied for Council or Housing Association housing (Lowe, 1997). The second important measure introduced, under section 197, allowed Local Authorities to cease their duty to homeless households if anoth er suitable accommodation was available in the area. In this case the Local Authority was only required to provide advice and assistance in order for the person to gain access to that accommodation (Cloke, 2000). As it was shown, the housing policies referred to until now, do not seem to address in any way the specific housing problem of homeless young people. Young people can be considered statutory homeless if victims of domestic violence or if classified as vulnerable people but the inclusion in this last category was at the discretion of each Housing Department. A piece of legislation that had an impact in the housing issues of homeless young people was the Children Act 1989. This act, under section 20, places a duty on Local Authorities to provide accommodation for children in their area that are in â€Å"need†, as defined by section 17, and require accommodation. A child is defined as â€Å"in need† if there is no person with parental responsibility, the child had been lost or abandoned or the caregiver had been prevented temporary or permanently to provide the child with suitable accommodation or care. From 2002 the governmental strategy regarding homelessness seems to have changed from a solving approach aimed at reducing the number of rough sleepers to a more preventive approach (Pawson, 2007). The specific problems of homeless young people or those adolescents at risk of becoming homeless seemed also to have taken into consideration. With the introduction of the Homeless Act 2002 the duty of Local Authorities to prevent homelessness was reinforced. Local Authorities were required to create homelessness strategies aimed at the prevention of homelessness and at supporting people that are or may become homeless (Homeless Act 2002 s1, s2 and s3). In order to accomplish that, several measures were recommended, for example the creation of family mediation services directed at young people at risk of being evicted by their family or friends (Pawson, 2007). These services intended to prevent this eviction by helping the adolescents and family or friends to resolve the existent conflict (Pawson, 2007). The Homelessness Act 2002 was also important as it abolished, under section 6, the minimum period for which a Local Authority is subject to the main homelessness duty, previously introduced by the Housing Act 1996. The result was to place again the duty on Local Authorities to secure accommodation until the household is placed or acquires permanent accommodation. Additionally, section 9 of this act abolished section 197 of the Housing Act 1996 by which the Local Authority would cease their duty to homeless people when other suitable accommodation was available in their area. Another measure introduced in the same year was the Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 2051 The Homelessness (Priority Need for Accommodation) (England) Order 2002. This statutory instrument, under section 3, extends the category of priority need to include a young person aged 16 and 17 â€Å"who is not a relevant child for the purposes of section 23A of the Children Act 1989† and is not a â€Å"person to whom a local authority owe a duty to provide accommodation under section 20† of the same Act. Additionally, this instrument extended the priority for care leavers aged 18 to 21 or older if they are considered vulnerable as a result of having been looked after children. The Supporting People programme introduced in 2003 had also an impact on homeless young people by recognising and investing in the quality of the housing support services available (Pawson, 2007). When accepted as homeless by the Local Authorities Housing Departments young people are usually placed in temporary accommodation. There are different types of accommodation where young people are placed, though they can be classified in five broad groups. The first group comprises bed and breakfast hotels. This type of accommodation usually presents poor standards (Fitzpatrick, 2000), some lack cooking facilities, there are also concerns regarding safety and there are no qualified professionals on site that could support those youngsters (Quilgars, 2008). All these concerns seemed to have been taken into account by the government when on the 14th November 2006 Ruth Kelly announced in a speech that â€Å"we are making a commitment today that by 2010, 16 and 17 year olds will not be placed in bed and breakfast hotels unless it is an emergency†. Since then the number of young homeless people placed in that type of accommodation has decreased, from 550 at the end of December 200 7 (CLG, 2008) to 340 (of those 120 had been in this type of accommodation for more than 6 weeks) (CLG, 2009). The second group includes hostels that provide specialised schemes for young people, where in conjunction with a safe environment, specialised support is provided (Quilgars, 2008). The level and type of support offered to residents differs (Quilgars, 2008), although generally includes the development of independent living skills, access to education or training and emotional support. The third type of accommodation is called Foyers and it is a type of hostel that supports young people with access to education, training and employment. The fourth type comprises shared houses, where a young person shares a house with others and has floating support adequate to his/her needs (Fitzpatrick, 2000). Finally, in recent years, supported lodging schemes have been expanding (Quilgars, 2008). In this type of provision the young person stays within a family house and is assisted to devel op independent living skills. The adolescent has hi/her own bedroom and shares communal areas with the family . 2.3. Leaving care Care leavers are young people 16 years old or older that have been in the care of a Local Authority. These children had been placed under the care of a Local Authority for different reasons. In the year ending 31st March 2008 of the 23,000 children who started to be looked after, 62 percent entered care due to abuse or neglect (DCSF, 2008). The amount of time children spend in care varies and although the current average is less than one year, 2.6 percent are still in care for 5 years or more and 7.2 percent between 2 and 5 years (DCSF, 2008). During this period, some of the children have little contact with their birth families . Additionally, the move into care can result in a change of neighbourhood and school (Stein, 2005) which can have a negative impact on the child’s relationship with peers. Moreover, there is still a significant percentage of children that experience several moves between placements (11.4% of looked after children moved three or more times during the y ear ending in March 2008) (DCSF, 2008) which can cause instability to children due to the change of â€Å"carers, friends, neighbourhoods, schools on several occasions† (Stein, 2005 p.7). Most of the children that are taken into care are placed with foster carers (DCSF, 2008) and when placements succeed foster carers can be an additional source of support to the young person even when they had ceased being looked after (Harper, 2006). Research carried out in 1990’s found that it was common for these children to leave the care of Local Authorities between the ages of 16 and 18 years old and that the usual reason for that was the breakdown of placements or because it was thought by their carers that it was in the best interest of the adolescent to move when he/she had reached the age of 16 or 17 (Stein, 1997). However, findings from recent research verified that the proportion of young people that leave care at an early age is still high. Governmental statistics show that in the year ending 31st march 2008, of the 8,300 children aged 16 or over that ceased being looked after by Local Authorities, 24 percent were 16 years old and 15 percent were 17 years . Wheal and Matthews (2007) also found high percentages of young people that leave care at an early age. These authors passed a questionnaire to 91 care leavers and found that in 2006, 42.9 percent of 16 year olds and 29.7 percent of 17 year olds had left thei r placement and that in 74.5 percent of the cases the move had been part of their pathway plan. They also found that 41.7 percent had left care to go to semi-independent accommodation and that 18.7 percent went to live with parents or other family members . These last set of results are very similar to those obtained by Stein et al. (2007) through the examination of social services records and interviews with professionals that were conducted during part of 2003 and 2004. These authors verified that 39.2 percent of young people aged 16 or older that had left care went directly into independent living accommodation and that 18.2 percent returned home. While young people in the general population are delaying the time that they leave the family home this research suggests that a large proportion of children in care leave residential or foster care at a very young age. Plus, it seems that a high number of young people had started to live independently before their 18th birthday. Probably, the early age these children leave care (the maximum at 18th years old which is much earlier than the rest of the population that leave home on average at 24 ) and/or the lack of preparation to live independently and/or the lack of social support (as children that spent a longer time in care have weaker links with their birth family and friends ) increases the risk of becoming homeless, a fact that is corroborated by the large proportion of care leavers among the youth homeless population (Stein, 1997). More recently Barn et al. (2005) found that 36 percent of the 261 care leavers aged 16 to 21 that participated in their study had experienced homelessness for periods that ranged from weeks to more than one year. The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 imposed on Local Authorities a duty to improve the support given to care leavers. The support offered includes accommodation and financial assistance for 16 and 17 years old and the appointment of a personal adviser, the development of a pathway plan and general assistance to young people and young adults aged 16 up to 21 or 24 (DH, 2000). Additionally, this act placed on Local Authorities a duty to support care leavers up to 21 years old or 24 years if in full-time further or higher education. Under these circumstances the Local Authority has to provide vacation accommodation if needed (The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000, s24B(5)). The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 extended the support to young people aged 21 up to 25 that had been previously in care and that wish to return to education or training. The support includes the appointment of a personal adviser, the development of a pathways plan (Children and Young Persons Act 2008, s22). Th is act also places a dut