Perspectives on African Experience- Examine Ayi Akwei Armah's Essay

Points of view on African Experience-Examine Ayi Akwei Armah's portrayal of the disappointments of decolonisation and national freedom in The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born - Essay Example who is the primary character in this story, is the hero, who is by all accounts the encapsulation of good ethics since he isn't degenerate and has declined inclusion in its sparkle. The creator wishes to impart uprightness and great character through the Man, so as to stir Ghanaians to the truth of defilement, realism, destitution, political talk and franticness. Guarantees made during the battle against imperialism were communist naturally, including equity and advancement of people’s lives, yet none of them were satisfied during the rule of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, or significantly after the upset. The tale draws out the truth of life in Ghana after freedom, where people’s dreams of a superior country were broken by the rottenness of debasement around then. The Man’s dream was to go to the University of Legon, a fantasy that never worked out as expected simply like most Ghanaians’ dreams of a superior country were broken by the degenerate government framework that came into power after colonialists had left. In this paper, I am to talk about in detail how the creator utilizes imagery to show moral debauchery in the post-autonomy Ghana, and how it applies to other African states today. The topic of defilement covers the bigger piece of the novel, as saw by the Man on his way to his working spot at the railroad organization, when the conductor in the transport will not restore the full change and keeps additional sum over the ordinary charge as his (Armah 1968, p.1). The conductor smells the cedi and says that it is peculiar that a man could have such a large number of cedis go through his hands but then not so much know their smell, suggesting that the conductor was cash hungry. The transport for this situation speaks to Ghana, the conductor speaks to its pioneers, who are extremely degenerate and the travelers are the Ghanaians. The poor residents in most African states take an interest in the economy through working yet the cash winds up in a couple people’s pockets (Ferguson 2010, p. 170), no big surprise the conductor is deriding the

Obscenity Law Free Essays

string(126) and degenerate those whose psyches are available to such unethical impacts, and into whose hands a distribution of this sort may fall. The ambiguous, emotional, and uncertain nature of Canadian indecency law has been called â€Å"the most jumbled law in Canada. † Recognizing that consistency and objectivity are significant viewpoints in the running of any effective legitimate framework, the Supreme Court of Canada has endeavored to deliberately explain and modernize profanity law. The decision in R. We will compose a custom paper test on Indecency Law or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now v. Head servant denoted the change of the law of indecency from a â€Å"moral-based† offense to a â€Å"harm-based† offense. The courts are presently approached to decide, as well as can be expected, what the network will endure others being presented to, based on the level of damage that may spill out of such presentation. Damage, in this specific situation, implies the inclination to withdrawn direct. While examining past shallow appearances, plainly the modernizing moves made by the Canadian legal executive, in presenting the network standard of mischief test to uphold vulgarity law, are simple logical spreads for the proceeded with security of ordinary profound quality. The assurance of â€Å"community standards† is left fundamentally to the emotional judgment and hunches of criminal equity faculty. In this unique situation, the standard to which profanity laws are based can be dubious and not well characterized, making it hard to guarantee consistency in the use of the indecency law and to request that people in general comply with guidelines that are not plainly divided in any case. This is an upsetting situation for any criminal offense. This article will right off the bat separate the jobs where judges at present play in choosing the idea of wrongdoing. Furthermore, with the utilization of past decisions on profanity by the Supreme Court of Canada, the development of Canadian foulness law will be investigated. Thirdly, the association of the network standard of resistance inside the present vulgarity definition will be hailed as partial against non-standard minority portrayals of sex and sexuality. Fourthly, the Butler choice will be broke down inside the gay and lesbian setting. At long last, the three intrinsic blemishes of the present Butler meaning of foulness will be talked about; the obscure meaning of mischief, the hazardous classification of â€Å"degrading and dehumanizing sex† and the overemphasis put on hetero standards. The present jobs where judges play in settling on the idea of wrongdoing. Frey v. Fedoruk (1950), a choice made by the Supreme Court of Canada, is iewed as a fruitful advance in the courts’ mission for objectivity. This alleged achievement case denoted the finish of the courts’ capacity to imagine new wrongdoings at custom-based law and basically delegated extreme intensity of the Criminal Code to the central government. Frey was blamed for peeping into the window of an evolving lady. The courts perceived that peeping was unmistakably ethically questionable, yet the Court likewise noticed that peeping was â€Å"not in any case c riminal and not falling inside any classification of offenses characterized by the Criminal Law. It went on further to state that â€Å"if any course of lead is currently to be pronounced crook, which has not up to the here and now been so respected, such affirmation ought to be made by Parliament and not by the Courts. â€Å"[i] This case basically set the trend that no individual could be accused of an offense that was not recently specified in the Criminal Code. This case represents an obvious move with respect to the job makes a decision about play in the equity framework; be that as it may, it is flawed if this move is as generous as initially saw. Something that is frequently overlooked by the individuals who stress the sovereign part of the criminal law is that Parliament doesn't have direct authority over the implementation of their own writings. Judges can't straightforwardly repudiate or create new laws, yet they can perpetually reevaluate them. Besides, in deciphering the criminal law, judges don't have power over the manner by which individual criminal equity faculty will rework their translations. For instance, because of the caprices associated with Justice Sopinka’s administering in R. v. Head servant, criminal equity work force have been given optional force that has brought about the differential and unlawful focusing of gay and lesbian explicit material. In contending for legal objectivity, one could contend that judges are just permitted to decipher law in agreement the aim of Parliament when the area was instituted or altered. Judges can't embrace the move in reason convention, which was unequivocally dismissed in R. v. Enormous M Drug Mart Ltd. [ii]† However, so as to abstain from running a foul of the moving reason contention, judges can utilize unclear and vague language that will just require the requirement for reevaluation later on and further the utilization of legal subjectivity. At the point when understandings are required it makes the ways for the, subliminal or cognizant, usage of emotional gauges of ethical quality by judges or riminal equity faculty. Basically various appointed authorities will decipher the law in various manners, which focuses on the significance for explanation and particular inside the Criminal Code. It has additionally been contended that the choice in Frey v. Fedoruk considers residents to know ahead of time on the off chance that they are carrying out a wrongdoing. As found in the Butler case, numerous laws in the Criminal Code keep on being ambiguous and vague, r equiring the requirement for legal translations. The ideas of the profanity law permit judges, police and customs officials, to decipher the law in a way that may envelop material or activities that were not explicitly specified under the law itself. The advancement of Canadian profanity law: Upon assessment of the movement of Canadian indecency law obviously the modernized vulgarity law stays loaded with a portion of similar issues intrinsic to its ancestors. The law of vulgarity in Canada has its underlying foundations in English law. The 1868 choice of the House of Lords in R. v. Hicklin was the main case and set out a test for profanity. In maintaining a request for the pulverization of a distribution, Chief Justice Cockburn announced, â€Å"I think the trial of profanity is this, regardless of whether the inclination of the issue charged as indecency is to debase and degenerate those whose psyches are available to such indecent impacts, and into whose hands a distribution of this sort may fall. You read Foulness Law in classification Papers â€Å"[1] This definition had been censured for its negligence of genuine reason or creative legitimacy in the criticized material and for its exorbitant reliance on abstract theories made with respect to the trier of actuality. This was the test utilized in Canada until the Criminal Code was changed in 1959 to incorporate a meaning of foulness as â€Å"the undue abuse of sex, or of sex and any at least one of wrongdoing, ghastliness, cold-bloodedness and savagery. † Canadian courts at that point moved their concentration from the correct use of the Hicklin test to the comprehension of how the â€Å"undue abuse of sex† is to be perceived. Brodie was the primary profanity claim to precede the Supreme Court of Canada following the correction. Judson J. , during his explanation of this ection, was aware of the analysis that had been leveled against the Hicklin test and was hence attempting to maintain a strategic distance from its destructions. Judson J. communicated the view, considering the revision, † that all the law under the Hicklin definition is rendered obsolete† and that the new definition gave the Court â€Å"an chance to apply tests which have some assurance of importance a nd are equipped for target application, which don't such a great amount of depend as before upon the peculiarities and sensitivities of the council of actuality, regardless of whether judge or jury†[2] . Two tests were purposed all through the preliminary that were considered able equitably perceiving the â€Å"undue† abuses of sex. The main test concentrated on the â€Å"internal necessities† of the work being referred to. The subsequent test was â€Å" the network standard test. † He perceives that network principles may fluctuate occasionally, however held that there is a general natural standard of respectability, which wins in some random network. What is foul is material that insult that norm. The advancement of the law post-Brodie had expounded upon this thought of â€Å" network standard. â€Å"It has been supposed to be: a general normal of network thinking and feeling; a national norm; one where judges are qualified for decide for themselves, without master proof, when this standard has been surpassed. † However, a generous advancement in the test for vulgarity happened in the Supreme Court of Canada’s choice in Towne Cinema Theaters Ltd. v. The Queen. [3] In this choice, the court expressed that the â€Å"community standard of tolerance† is just a single manner by which the abuse of sex can be resolved â€Å"undue. The Court perceived the flaws of society and the resulting probability that the network could endure distributions that cause mischief to citizenry. The court proceeded to state that â€Å" regardless of whether, at specific occasions, there is an incident between what isn't endured and what is hurtful to society, there is no fundamental association between these two ideas. † [4] Thus, the legitimate meaning of â€Å" undue† was made to include distributions that were hurtful to citizenry and subsequently society in general. Material was regarded hurtful in the event that it depicted people in a â€Å"degrading or dehumanizing† way. Foulness additionally kept on being evaluated agai

Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theories Personality Psychology Print Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 15, 2020 Gary Waters / Ikon / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Anyone who has ever taken a psychology class probably has at least a basic understanding of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggested that needs at the base of the pyramid, which include such things as food, water, and sleep, must be met before people can move on to needs higher up on the hierarchy.?? After fulfilling these fundamental needs, people move on to the need for safety and security, then belonging and love and then esteem. Finally, once all these lower-level needs are met, Maslow suggested that people move on the need at the peak of the pyramid, which is known as self-actualization. A 1976 paper by Wahba and Bridwell suggested that the uncritical acceptance of Maslows hierarchy needed to be addressed by additional research.?? Their review of the research available at the time found little support for the accuracy of the hierarchy. More recent research has offered some support for Maslow’s original hierarchy, but many suggest that the theory might be in need updated to reflect better the needs of modern life. Does Maslow’s Hierarchy Hold Up? Maslow’s hierarchy of needs continues to be widely popular and most well accepted, but the available evidence does not necessarily support Maslow’s theory. Maslows need hierarchy theory presents the student of work motivation with an interesting paradox, Wahba and Bridwell wrote. The theory is widely accepted, but there is little evidence to support it. In their review of the available research, Wahba and Bridwell found that there was little empirical support suggesting that needs exist in a hierarchy at all.??Other critics have also suggested that the original hierarchy does not account for the fact that needs tend to change based on the situation.Maslows theory also does not account for differences between individualist and collectivist cultures. Does Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Be Updated? In 2010, a team of psychologists attempted to modernize Maslows hierarchy. Their renovated version of the classic needs pyramid was published in an issue of Perspectives on Psychological Sciences.?? While the original hierarchy contained five levels, this revised version included seven. The bottom four levels of this new version are quite similar to Maslows, but big changes can be seen at the top levels of the proposed new version. Most surprisingly perhaps was that it eliminated the very highest levels of the original versionâ€"that of self-actualization. Why eliminate self-actualization? The authors of the article suggested that while self-actualization is still significant and interesting, it is not an evolutionarily fundamental need. Instead, the authors suggested, many of the activities and pursuits that Maslow initially identified as self-actualizing represent basic biological drives, such as attracting a mate and having children.?? The Updated Hierarchy of Needs So what replaces self-actualization at the top of this revised hierarchy?Parenting takes the top spot, followed byMate retentionMate acquisitionStatus/esteemFollowing those needs is affiliation and self-protection.Immediate physiological needs make up the very base of the pyramid. Among human aspirations that are most biologically fundamental are those that ultimately facilitate reproduction of our genes in our childrens children, explained the studys lead author Douglas Kenrick of Arizona State University in a press release.?? For that reason, parenting is paramount. The proposed revisions to Maslows original hierarchy did not come without controversy, however. The journal issue containing the revised hierarchy also included four different commentary pieces that offered perspectives on the original and revised versions of the hierarchy. While many agreed with the basic premise of the revised version, particularly the evolutionary basis for the revisions, many took issue with the removal of self-actualization as a key motivating need. People in Different Cultures May Have Similar Needs Psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois led a study that put the famous hierarchy of needs to the test in different countries all over the world.?? Researchers conducted surveys on food, shelter, safety, money, social support, respect, and emotions in 155 different countries between 2005 and 2010. While some aspects of their findings are consistent with Maslows theory, there were also some notable departures. The needs described in Maslows theory appear to be universal. However, in this research, the order in which these needs are met had little impact on peoples satisfaction with life. Our findings suggest that Maslows theory is largely correct. In cultures all over the world the fulfillment of his proposed needs correlates with happiness, Diener explained in a press release.?? However, an important departure from Maslows theory is that we found that a person can report having good social relationships and self-actualization even if their basic needs and safety needs are not completely fulfilled. While recent research seems to support the idea of universal human needs, support for Maslows ranked hierarchy remains elusive. The Psychology of What Motivates Us

The Impact of Families Upon The Watchmens Rorschach and...

The manner in which an individual is raised can impact their lives forever. This idea is proven to be true with two characters from the works that were studied this semester. Although they come from completely different worlds, the similarities between these two characters and the manner in which they face the world can be associated with the relationships they had with their families. These two characters are Walter â€Å"Rorschach† Kovacs, from Alan Moores graphic novel which is called Watchmen, and Antoinette, from Jean Rhys novel which is called Wide Sargasso Sea. First, there is the character of Rorschach. Rorschach is a very angry character, who has a lot of psychological baggage that influences the way that he views the world around†¦show more content†¦In the case of Rorschach, he did not have a stable father figure in his life at all. Rather, Rorschach was raised by his mother before being subjected to foster care. This is made clear to the readers on page ei ght of chapter six in the pages first panel, when the character Dr. Micheal Long writes, â€Å"...he was removed from his mothers custody and put into care.† (Watchmen) However, he was still negatively effected by the few men that are seen in his early life. It is revealed on page thirty of chapter six that his mother, Sylvia Kovacs, is a prostitute, and that there was never a stable father figure for Rorschach to connect with. Rather, at least once, he saw a strange man engaged in a sexual act with his mother. He walks in on his mother and this man on page three of chapter six, worried that his mother is being harmed as he hears strange noises, which is shown on the second panel of the page. This already traumatic fact is made much more difficult because Rorschach is taunted by other people due to his mothers occupation and or reputation. It is illustrated that Rorschach is taunted and physically bullied by others on page six of chapter six, when two teenagers refuse to let him past them, refer to him as â€Å"whoreson† and shove food into his face. It can be argued that Rorschach might not have been subjected to this treatment if he had a stable father figure or a more stable home environment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Womens Suffrage Leader

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815–October 26, 1902) was a leader, writer, and activist in the 19th-century womens suffrage movement. Stanton often worked with Susan B. Anthony as the theorist and writer, while Anthony was the public spokesperson. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Known For: Stanton was a leader in the womens suffrage movement and theorist and writer who worked closely with Susan B. Anthony.Also Known As: E.C. StantonBorn: November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, New YorkParents: Margaret Livingston Cady and Daniel CadyDied: October 26, 1902 in New York, New YorkEducation: At home, the Johnstown Academy, and the Troy Female SeminaryPublished Works and Speeches:  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments (co-drafted and amended), Solitude of Self, The Womens Bible (co-written), History of Womens Suffrage (co-written), Eighty Years and MoreAwards and Honors: Inducted into National Womens Hall of Fame (1973)Spouse: Henry Brewster StantonChildren: Daniel Cady Stanton, Henry Brewster Stanton, Jr., Gerrit Smith Stanton, Theodore Weld Stanton, Margaret Livingston Stanton, Harriet Eaton Stanton, and Robert Livingston StantonNotable Quote: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal. Early Life and Education Stanton was born in New York in 1815.  Her mother was Margaret Livingston and descended from Dutch, Scottish, and Canadian ancestors, including people who fought in the American Revolution. Her father was Daniel Cady, a descendant of early Irish and English colonists.  Daniel Cady was an attorney and judge. He served in the state assembly and in Congress. Elizabeth was among the younger siblings in the family, with one older brother and two older sisters living at the time of her birth (a sister and brother had died before her birth).  Two sisters and a brother followed. The only son of the family to survive to adulthood, Eleazar Cady, died at age 20. Her father was devastated by the loss of all his male heirs, and when young Elizabeth tried to console him, he said, I wish you were a boy.  This, she later said, motivated her to study and try to become the equal of any man. She was also influenced by her fathers attitude toward female clients.  As an attorney, he advised abused women to stay in their relationships because of legal barriers to divorce and to the control of property or wages after a divorce. Young Elizabeth studied at home and at the Johnstown Academy, and then was among the first generation of women to gain a higher education at the Troy Female Seminary, founded by Emma Willard. She experienced a religious conversion at school, influenced by the religious fervor of her time. But the experience left her fearful for her eternal salvation, and she had what was then called a nervous collapse. She later credited this with her lifelong distaste for most religions. Radicalization and Marriage Elizabeth may have been named for her mothers sister, Elizabeth Livingston Smith, who was the mother of Gerrit Smith.  Daniel and Margaret Cady were conservative Presbyterians, while cousin Gerrit Smith was a religious skeptic and abolitionist.  Young Elizabeth Cady stayed with the Smith family for some months in 1839, and it was there that she met Henry Brewster Stanton, known as an abolitionist speaker. Her father opposed their marriage because Stanton supported himself completely through the uncertain income of a traveling orator, working without pay for the American Anti-Slavery Society.  Even with her fathers opposition, Elizabeth Cady married abolitionist Henry Brewster Stanton in 1840.  By that time, shed already observed enough about the legal relationships between men and women to insist that the word obey be dropped from the ceremony. After the wedding, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her new husband departed for a trans-Atlantic voyage to England to attend the Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Both were appointed delegates of the American Anti-Slavery Society.  The convention denied official standing to women delegates, including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. When the Stantons returned home, Henry began to study law with his father-in-law.  Their family quickly grew.  Daniel Cady Stanton, Henry Brewster Stanton, and Gerrit Smith Stanton were already born by 1848; Elizabeth was the chief caregiver of them, and her husband was frequently absent with his reform work.  The Stantons moved to Seneca Falls, New York, in 1847. Womens Rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met again in 1848 and began planning for a womens rights convention to be held in Seneca Falls. That convention, including the Declaration of Sentiments written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and approved there, is credited with initiating the long struggle toward woman suffrage and womens rights. Stanton began writing frequently for womens rights, including advocating for womens property rights after marriage. After 1851, Stanton worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony. Stanton often served as the writer, since she needed to be home with her children, and Anthony was the strategist and public speaker in this effective working relationship. More children followed in the Stanton marriage, despite Anthonys eventual complaints that having these children was taking Stanton away from the important work of womens rights.  In 1851, Theodore Weld Stanton was born, then Margaret Livingston Stanton and Harriet Eaton Stanton. Robert Livingston Stanton, the youngest, was born in 1859. Stanton and Anthony continued to lobby in New York for womens rights, up until the Civil War. They won major reforms in 1860, including the right after divorce for a woman to have custody of her children and economic rights for married women and widows.  They were beginning to work for reform on New Yorks divorce laws when the Civil war began. Civil War Years and Beyond From 1862 to 1869, the Stantons lived in New York City and Brooklyn. During the Civil War, womens rights activity was largely stopped while the women who had been active in the movement worked in various ways first to support the war and then work for anti-slavery legislation after the war.   Elizabeth Cady Stanton  ran for Congress in 1866 in a bid to represent New Yorks 8th Congressional district. Women, including Stanton, were still not eligible to vote.  Stanton received 24 votes out of about 22,000 cast. Split Movement Stanton and Anthony proposed at the Anti-Slavery Society annual meeting in 1866 to form an organization that would focus on equality for women and African-Americans.  The American Equal Rights Association was the result, but it split apart in 1868 when some supported the 14th Amendment, which would establish rights for black males but would also add the word male to the Constitution for the first time, while others, including Stanton and Anthony, were determined to focus on female suffrage. Those who supported their stance founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and Stanton served as president. The rival American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was founded by others, dividing the womens suffrage movement and its strategic vision for decades. During these years, Stanton, Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage organized efforts from 1876 to 1884 to lobby Congress to pass a national woman suffrage amendment to the constitution.  Stanton also lectured for the traveling public programs known as the lyceum circuit from 1869 to 1880.  After 1880, she lived with her children, sometimes abroad. She continued to write prolifically, including her work with Anthony and Gage from 1876 through 1882 on the first two volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage. They published the third volume in 1886. In these years, Stanton cared for her aging husband until his death in 1887. Merger When the NWSA and the AWSA finally merged in 1890, Elizabeth Cady Stanton served as the president of the resulting National American Woman Suffrage Association.  She was critical of the direction of the movement despite serving as president, as it sought southern support by aligning with those who opposed any federal interference in state limits on voting rights justified more and more the womens right to vote by asserting womens superiority.  She spoke before Congress in 1892, on The Solitude of Self. She published her autobiography Eighty Years and More in 1895. She became more critical of religion, publishing with others in 1898 a controversial critique of womens treatment by religion, The Womans Bible. Controversy, especially over that publication, alienated many in the suffrage movement from Stanton, as the more conservative majority of suffrage activists were concerned that such skeptical free thought ideas might lose precious support for suffrage. Death Elizabeth Cady Stanton spent her last years in ill health, increasingly hampered in her movements. She was unable to see by 1899 and died in New York on October 26, 1902, nearly 20 years before the United States granted women the right to vote. Legacy While Elizabeth Cady Stanton is best known for her long contribution to the woman suffrage struggle, she was also active and effective in winning property rights for married women, equal guardianship of children, and liberalized divorce laws. These reforms made it possible for women to leave marriages that were abusive of the wife or the children. Sources â€Å"Elizabeth Cady Stanton.†Ã‚  National Womens History Museum.Ginzberg, Lori D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life. Hill and Wang, 2010.

The Causes and Effects of Whaling Free Essays

The Causes and Effects of Whaling 1 The Causes and Effects of Whaling Whale is the current name for diverse marine mammals of the order Cetacea, having the general shape of a fish with forelimbs modified as fins, a tail with level flukes, and one or two blowholes on top of the head. (â€Å"Whale†, 2010). Whaling dates back to prehistoric times, but it became an important industry in the nineteenth century. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Effects of Whaling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whales have been hunted for meat or made into lighting oil. Until the international injunction on commercially hunting whales was enacted in 1982 by International Whaling Commission (effective from 1986), some species were seriously endangered. Although commercial whaling was forbidden, several countries were unwilling to follow it such as Norway and Japan. They developed whaling industry for the sake of economic benefits and because the cost is low with free marine resources. But whaling has serious effects on both the environment as well as the society. Japanese are the leading whale hunters at present, now we use Japan as a typical example and we will mainly talk about Japan’s whaling. Commercial whaling is lucrative, the prosperous fishing industry in Japan also affects the economic interests of other industries such as tourism and Catering Industry. This is the first reason why Japan insists on whaling. According to a statistics of Japan’s Institute of Cetacean Research in 2000, the production of whale meat in Japan is 2849 tons, and the whale skin is 1051 tons. The revenue generated by whaling activities is more than US$32 million each year. Whaling What’s more, Japan has natural and vast amount of marine resources. The 2 whaling industry was also driven by the free marine resources. Japan was facing the pressure from public opinion especially the West about hunting whales unrestrictedly and excessively. But why Japan was still persisting in whaling? The most significant reason comes to my mind is cultural conflict. Put it this way, Japanese hate the way Europe and the United States imposes their values to them. They feel unfair and have no intention of lying down under those accusations, and they want to show their cultural identity through whaling. That is their subconscious action and they would like to take this way against â€Å"cultural imperialism† in order to safeguard their own interests. However, due to their continuous whaling, more than 2 million whales were killed in the early 20th century. Some species of whales are close to extinction. Whaling sounds nothing to do with us, how does whaling affect us? Japanese whaling in the northern Pacific Ocean has caused international objections, according to Reuben (2001), the potential full-scale trade war led by U. S. ill become true if Japan still refuses to reform Japan’s whaling practices. Another thing, the excessive whaling disturbs the balance of the ecosystem they belong to, it will also diminish the marine ecosystems, and even the whole could collapse. The worst influence is the people in Taiji, Japan were detected their mercury levels exceed standards which stipulated by World Health Organization because of eating whale meat in excess. It has Whaling co me to light that mercury is the most toxic element on earth. It is very dangerous for us to eat whale meat. 3 In conclusion, the excessive whaling caused by economic benefits and cultural conflict resulted in terrible impacts on oceanic environment and human beings. To save whales, Environmental protection organizations like Greenpeace or individuals are campaigning to end commercial whaling and the governments should also go to great lengths to end it. Whaling 4 References Whale. (October 8, 2009). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Whale Whaling. (February 12, 2009). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Whaling The Cove. April 25, 2009). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Cove_(film) Reuben B. Ackerman. (2001, January) ‘Japanese Whaling in the Pacific Ocean: Defiance of International Whaling Norms in the name of ‘Scientific Research’, Culture, and Traditional’, Boston Colleg e, Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http://www. bc. edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bciclr/25_2/07_TXT. htm Japan’s Institute of Cetacean Research, In Baidupedia, Retrieved April 17, 2010, from http://baike. baidu. com/view/1632862. html How to cite The Causes and Effects of Whaling, Essay examples

Commercial Law Law Reform Commission

Question: Describe about the Commercial Law for Law Reform Commission. Answer: Issue The issue here is whether Rebecca sues Michelle in negligence for her losses. Rules Negligence refers to the act done by a person in careless manner due to which physical, psychological or financial loss or injury is caused to another person or group of persons (Legal Services Commission, 2013). The suffered person might sue the person who caused such damage to compensate for the loss or injury incurred to him (Lawstuff, 2015). Civil Liability Act 1936 is applicable in South Australia, which is utilized in assessment of negligent act done by any person and the liability imposed on him for such an act. The sufferer seeks financial compensation for loss or damage(Legal Services Commission , 2013). In order to determine whether negligence has occurred or not, four demands must be satisfied i.e. if the defendant owes a duty of care or responsibility towards plaintiff, if that duty of care has been breached by the defendant, if any kind of injury or damage has been caused to the plaintiff, and finally, if the reason of injury or damage has been the consequence of breach of the duty of care and responsibility. To prove negligence on the part of defendant, all these factors are required to be satisfied and if even one of the above mentioned demands is not fulfilled, the establishment of negligence is impossible (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016). To determine whether a person owes a duty of care towards other, the existence of a sufficient proximity of relationship is must. It is a legal obligation to prevent a person from causing harm to others and then also caused, when harm is rationally predictable and due care is not taken (RMIT University, 2004). The court determines the breach of duty of care by seeking at the standard of care to be predictable in the existing conditions. It is considered by the court that what course of action would have been done by a reasonable person in the similar situation and if the act done by the defendant has been found to be unreasonable from the standard predicted, he will be proved guilty of breach of due duty of care(Legal Aid , 2015). To determine the relation of breach of duty of care and injury, it is to be assessed if there are more than one causes of injury. Contributory negligence occurs in case where the cause of injury is found to have been the contribution of the injured person themselves(Trindade et al., 2007). Plaintiff will be considered as contributory negligent if he/she has failed to take due care for self-safety or loss incurred (International Law Office, 2001). Application Rebecca and Michelle were drunk when they left the opera after the performance. Even if Rebecca has realized the fact that Michelle was too drunk to drive, she did not refuse to sit in the car and not even suggested her not to drive the car in that condition. When they were on their way to home, knowing Michele was driving dangerously, she asked her twice to get out of the car but Michelle refused. As a consequence, Michelle continued the driving and crashed the car. Rebecca got seriously injured and her leg got broken. There is a clear Negligence on the part of Michelle. As Michelle drove the car in a careless manner as a consequence of which, Rebecca suffered from serious physical injuries. She got her leg broken. The assessment of negligent act done by Michelle can be proved under the Civil Liability Act of South Australia and Rebecca is eligible to sue Michelle for compensation for the loss or injury incurred to him. The four factors which are required to be satisfied to prove the negligence on the part of Michelle are as follows; Michelle and Rebecca are friends which show there is a sufficient relationship between the two to owe a duty of care towards each other. In this case, it was the legal obligation of Michelle and Rebecca to owe a duty of care towards each other. Neither Rebecca advised Michelle not to drive harshly even if she realized that she was very much drunk to drive the car, nor did Michelle though once not to drive as it might cause harm to both of them. Michelle and Rebecca are equally liable for the harm occurred as the harm was reasonably foreseeable and none of them took due care and responsibility. The breach of duty of care is clearly visible on the part of Michelle as, any reasonable person would not drive a car in a drunken state and put his/her life as well as others life in danger. However, duty of care has been breached on behalf of Rebecca also as, she should have stopped Michelle from driving the car in drunken condition. Contributory negligence shall be applicable on Rebecca as she was conscious enough not to accept the ride when Michelle was driving the car in a drunken state. She has failed to take due care for her own safety due to which she suffered serious injury. The fact is that Michelle and Rebecca are friends and equally owes duty of care towards each other, breached the duty of care, and the consequences are the serious injuries to Rebecca. The court would hold both of them equally liable for the incident. Conclusion Rebecca should not sue Michelle in negligence because she herself is equally responsible for the accident happened. Firstly, Michelle should not have driven car in drunken state and secondly, if she was ready to drive, it was the legal responsibility of Rebecca to stop her from driving the car. If then, she failed to do accordingly, she should have denied the ride to home with her for her own safety but she accepted the ride. The fault of Michelle is that she must have thought about the consequences of driving in a drunken state but she acted negligently and crashed the car and injured her friend too. Of course, her fault is bigger than the fault of Rebecca but the accident might have avoided by the reasonable act of Rebecca. Therefore, she is equally liable. Therefore, Rebecca should not sue Michelle for negligence. References Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016. 16. Authorising what would otherwise be a Tort. [Online] Available at: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/right-sue-tort [Accessed 9 September 2016]. International Law Office, 2001. Contributory Negligence no Longer a Winning Defence. [Online] Available at: https://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/Litigation/Australia/Clayton-Utz/Contributory-Negligence-no-Longer-a-Winning-Defence [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Lawstuff, 2015. Being Sued. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawstuff.org.au/sa_law/topics/being-sued [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Legal Aid , 2015. Negligence. [Online] Available at: https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/InformationAboutTheLaw/BirthLifeandDeath/Personalinjury/Pages/Negligence.aspx [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Legal Services Commission , 2013. Negligence. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch01s05.php [Accessed September 2016]. Legal Services Commission, 2013. What is negligence? [Online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch29s05s01.php [Accessed 10 September 2016]. RMIT University, 2004. Explanation of negligence concept map. [Online] Available at: https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/d_bus/law/business_negligence/concept/explanation.html [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Trindade, F.A., Cane, P. Lunney, M., 2007. The Law of Torts in Australia. Oxford University Press.

As The Twentieth Century Comes To A Close, The World Can Now Look Back

As the twentieth century comes to a close, the world can now look back on a century filled with war, technology, revolution, and growth. When looking back upon the most powerful leaders that shaped past century, it can't be assumed that all of them had good intentions in mind. In fact, it is these leaders, the ones who set forth goals of destruction and massacre, that have affected the past hundred years the most drastically. The two men who fully represented this figure of dictatorship and extreme fascism are without a question Adolf Hitler of Germany and Benito Mussolini of Italy. These men strove for unrealistic and inhumane ideals, and both convinced a nation to follow them. Hitler and Mussolini took advantage of their respective nations, capitalizing on the desperation of war and poverty stricken people who needed a direction in life. These leaders cluttered the minds of the general population with their ideas of how life could be better, even if it meant the oppression of others. Through propaganda they were able to convince the people that their way was not just the best way, but the only way to handle the times in order to ensure the survival of the nation. The two most renown publications of these men were Hitler's Mien Kampf and Mussolini's The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism. Any possible dangers or flaws within these texts were ignored by the masses and as a result caused unimaginably horrid outcomes. To better understand where these men derived their ideas, built their reputations, and maintained leadership, it is imperative to first look into the history of the man and then the history of the nation. These can be combined to help analyze why they wrote what they did, and why the people responded how they did. Both of these men had an unbelievable power over people through their speeches, propaganda, written work, and actions. These men were similar in these aspects, but differed in their approaches, structure, and goals set for their nation. Born in Austria in the year 1889, Adolf Hitler learned at an early age how to conquer hardships with his father's death and failed attempts at school. As a poor, alone reject, he soon found interest in the political views and strategies of Vienna mayor Karl Lueger. Seeing the power of speech and its effect on people, Hitler certainly kept in mind many of Lueger's ideas of anti-Semitism and mass manipulation. Following his stay in Vienna, Hitler joined the Bavarian regiment, where he received the Iron Cross. After becoming a war hero in World War I, Hitler joined and eventually took over the Nazi (National Socialist German Workers) party. After his first attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government, Hitler was sent to prison. During this time, Hitler wrote his most famous work, Mein Kampf. This book attempts to make scientific explanations for Hitler's destruction of non-Aryan races, especially the Jewish race. Using terms like Social Darwinism to explain the ?constant struggle of the superior Aryan race against being submerged in a sea of inferior peoples,? (Wall, 124) Hitler convinced influential and powerful people to listen and agree with him. Through his book, Hitler explains most of his concepts and ideals for bettering the German nation. The Germans were a defeated people looking to end a depression held over from the first World War. During the early 1930s, Germans wanted an easy solution to their discontent and depression. Hitler gave them the hope of national strength and unity, whereas other German leaders only offered peace with the enemy and the failure of German democracy. Widely using propaganda, Hitler was able to convince a depressed nation that there was hope. The nation could boost their morale, fight wars they could win, and possibly seek world domination through nationalism, militarism, anti-Semitism, and obedience to the leader. (Brower, 109) The German people believed the only solution to their political crisis was the Nazi party and its leader. What they didn't realize is how extreme Hitler would take his ideas. Feeling the only way to compensate for their bitterness towards the Treaty of Versailles and their eagerness for German expansion, the people followed Hitler. They ignored his brutality and violence, seeing it

Chemical Reaction - Chemistry Definition

Chemical Reaction - Chemistry Definition A chemical reaction is a chemical change which forms new substances. A chemical reaction may be represented by a chemical equation, which indicates the number and type of each atom, as well as their organization into molecules or ions. A chemical equation uses the element symbols as shorthand notation for the elements, with arrows to indicate the direction of the reaction. A conventional reaction is written with reactants on the left side of the equation and products on the right side. The state of matter of the substances may be indicated in parenthesis (s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas, aq for aqueous solution). The reaction arrow may go from left to right or there may be a double arrow, indicating reactants turn to products and some product undergoes the reverse reaction to reform reactants. While chemical reactions involves atoms, typically only the electrons are involved in the breaking and formation of chemical bonds. Processes involving the atomic nucleus are called nuclear reactions. The substances that participate in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The substances that are formed are called products. The products have different properties from the reactants. Also Known As: reaction, chemical change Chemical Reaction Examples The chemical reaction H2(g)  ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) describes the formation of water from its elements. The reaction between iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide is another chemical reaction, represented by the chemical equation: 8 Fe S8 → 8 FeS Types of Chemical Reactions There are countless reactions, but they can be grouped into four basic categories: Synthesis Reaction In a synthesis or combination reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a more complex product. The general form of the reaction is: A B → AB Decomposition Reaction A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a synthesis reaction. In a decomposition, a complex reactant breaks into simpler products. The general form of a decomposition reaction is: AB → A B Single Replacement Reaction In a single replacement or single displacement reaction, one uncombined element replaces another in a compound or trades places with it. The general form of a single replacement reaction is: A BC  Ã¢â€ â€™ AC B Double Replacement Reaction In a double replacement or double displacement reaction, the anions and cations of the reactants trade places with each other two form new compounds. The general form of a double replacement reaction is: AB CD  Ã¢â€ â€™ AD CB Because there are so many reactions, there are additional ways to categorize them, but these other classes will still fall into one of the four main groups. Examples of other classes of reactions include oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, acid-base reactions, complexation reactions, and precipitation reactions. Factors That Affect Reaction Rate The rate or speed at which a chemical reaction occurs is affected by several factors, including: reactant concentrationsurface areatemperaturepressurepresence or absence of catalystspresence of light, especially ultraviolet lightactivation energy

Management Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Consulting - Essay Example This has been the firm that provides the consultancy tot eh corporate clients in terms of there businesses. The basic rationale that had led James o McKinsey to formulate the company wee the bitter experiences that he had faced in the terms of the failed corporate management in the Army Ordnance Department during the first world war. Thereby all the corporate managers who are in need of the best management advice are the ones, who should be helped in all ways, was the aim of James O’ McKinsey.  Rasiel and Friga, (2001) say that for the legal consultancy, Marvin Bower a law graduate from the Harvard University had been recruited after he had been working for another form known as the Cleveland Corporate Law firm for Jon Day but as he had felt the firm was not working in an analytical manner thereby he had joined James O’ McKinsey & Company and this was the firm in which he felt that better analytical minds can be accommodated.  Main aspect that had been appreciated b y Marvin Bower about the way James O’ McKinsey was dealing with the clients was that the legal and the corporate level consultancy was being given in a professionally independent manner and as it was seen that this was the main rationale for James OMcKinseythat was being followed and the clients were returning satisfied. One main strategy that was being applied by Mac in order to win the confidences of the clients was that the people who walked in the firm were thoroughly understood in terms of their needs and this was the main reason as to why the clients and the confidences were being gained at the firm.  Sadler, (2001) says that there were two main offices for the firm, one was based at Chicago and the other had been at New York and as per strategy of Max, both offices were run in an independent basis rather than the offices depending on each other.  

Clinical Quality Improvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical Quality Improvement - Research Paper Example The same year, Biotech Week  released an article arguing that the United States’ quality management framework is cohesive. This system operates from the foundation up. This way, it can echo the manner in which clinical researchers operate, which flawlessly automates research behavior. In this article, the system enables the researchers to provide excellent findings. Statistical data collected in Biotech Week’s article to report findings included registration and certification of Spaulding  Clinical  Research, which reflected data on lab findings and Clinical  Pharmacology (Biotech Week  3). In 2010, researchers Thiel and Martin argued that quality management entails all operations that clinical organizations apply when directing, regulating, and matching quality. These operations normally involve creating a quality strategy and establishing quality goals. One of the numerous fields contained by clinical quality management entails the safety of patients. Statis tical data collected by Thiel and Martin to report findings include the presentation of data for patient safety cases from Anglo-European College of Chiropractic (AECC) (Thiel and Martin 46). De Lorenzo and Pfaff noted that in spite of good intentions, the ideas and implementation of clinical quality management and criteria for patient care do not have a proper definition in former literature. This is a problem for today’s researchers aiming at finding out the risks involved with clinical quality management. While focusing on formal military doctrine and policies, the study argues that flexible and random applications range from the helpful and encouraging type to the negative and ineffective. De Lorenzo and Pfaff chose this topic because they intended on bettering the clinical care for casualties in war (De Lorenzo and Pfaff 377).

Father Involvement in Child Welfare Services

Father Involvement in Child Welfare Services Substance addicted fathers fail to provide a safe environment that focuses on the needs of their children. While inebriated, fathers may believe they are being attentive to their children, while in reality, they tend to act on their own feelings and disregard their children’s needs and become unpredictable. Sometimes a substance addicted father will have periods of presence and periods of absence from his child’s life. At one moment, he may provide his child with security, and another, he may inflict fear. Paternal substance abuse undermines the ability to give adequate care to children and overall, the ability to support his family. Fathers with a drug addiction are judged to be irresponsible and deemed incompetent as parents. The wives of these men are implicitly left with the responsibility to care for their children with some help from child welfare services. Although, fathers exist in the lives of women and children involved with child welfare authorities, they are rarely seen by the child welfare professionals themselves. Substance abusing men tend to avoid social services due to lack of paternal responsibility, cross gender communication, and hyper-masculinity. In the article â€Å"Engaging Fathers in Child Welfare Services: A Narrative Review of Recent Research Evidence†, Social Workers Nina Maxwell, Jonathan Scourfield, Brid Featherstone, Sally Holland, and Richard Tolman found that only thirty-three percent of mothers identified the father when asked (163). Fathers are reluctant in participating in social cases, therefore may threaten the mothers to leave them out of it. Mothers may withhold the father’s identify out of fear about letting the father know that child welfare services are involved, fear that the father may be incarcerated, and fear of the father’s reaction, especially in cases involving domestic violence. These fears reinforce the idea that women are subordinate to men. Since she is fearful of her child’s father to be able to reveal his identity, the mother cannot receive the much needed, proper assistance from her social case worker. Even if the mother were to reveal the identity of her children ’s father, it is likely for him to evade contact from child welfare. Fathers avoid contact with child welfare staff. In a focus group study, Maxwell and her colleagues found that these fathers had a wide range of explanations for the avoidance. These included fear that they cannot be good fathers for their children, fear that the involvement with the child welfare system will worsen their problems with the criminal justice system, fear that relationships with current partners not related to the child would be affected, and a perception that the system is not there to help them (164). The concerns expressed by these fathers are a prime example that substance-abusing fathers are selfish because they are only interested in fulfilling their own desires, rather than meeting their children’s needs. Social policy makers have been trying to involve fathers more in their children’s lives by increasing child support payments, but it is done so in the best interest of the child. Over the past few years, social policy makers have made an effort to increase the participation of fathers in their children’s lives, by providing child support to the children’s mother. The income of a father, who is not living with his children, can by affected by child support obligations in several ways. For example, if a father recently received an additional income of five hundred dollars a month, his child support payments might increase by one-hundred and twenty-five dollars (Lerman 69). Increased incomes have higher taxes and when combined with increased child support orders, it lowers a fathers’ profit each month, causing them to reduce their work effect. It is found that rigorous enforcement by the child support system could cause fathers to shift from formal to informal or underground work, which makes it more difficult for the government to track true income. Child welfare professionals acknowledge that some fathers are committed to their children, many others are not. In her study â€Å"Child Welfare Professional’s Experiences in Engaging Fathers in Services†, Professor Mahasin F. Saleh found that sixty percent of substances abusing men associated in social services cases lack paternal responsibility (126). The lack of father responsibility includes father absence, denial of paternity, alcohol or drug abuse, blaming the mother, incarceration for various reasons, and maltreatment. One child welfare professional recalls, â€Å"They don’t believe. They took the paternity test and then it’s ‘I want a blood test’. And some of them disappear because they feel like they’re not the father. That’s hard, too, getting them engaged when they don’t want to believe† (Saleh 126). This example exemplifies a lack of father responsibility. Substance addicted men deny responsibilities tha t come with paternal identity, because they view the responsibilities as a burden, and often want nothing to do with it. This father figure is self-absorbed, abusive, and driven by addiction and carelessness. Child Welfare Professionals have shared that fathers who neglect their children are found to be more verbally abusive and threatening during counseling (Saleh 127). Fathers view social counseling as a vehicle for women to process their emotions and that â€Å"strong† men do not attend counseling. Hyper-masculinity causes a man to maintain a rigid gender role script (Guerrero 137). The hyper-masculine man is prepared to challenge any real or imagined taunts from other men with violence. Men have a high sense of pride when it comes to his manhood. In 2013, the National Association of Social Workers conducted a membership workforce study and reported that eighty-two percent of social workers working full time were female (Whitaker Arrington 9). Since a majority of social workers are female, a father is reluctant to comply and subject to the words of a woman. Masculine fathers do not like to hear something from women, and they may get angry when working with female social workers , because they feel like women are trying to tell them what to do. A hyper-masculine man’s attitudes towards women are usually those of sexual or physical subjugation. A female social worker from Saleh’s case study recalls multiple times that she had to deal with male clients who had expressed romantic interests in her (130). Experiences similar to these make it difficult for female case workers to deal with a situation professionally. There are many instances when the social worker is confronted with a father that has not only has neglected his kids through his ignorance. Most of the time, they never admit they are at fault. Fathers exist in the lives of women and children involved with child welfare authorities, and yet, they are rarely seen by child welfare. These fathers are seen as deviant, dangerous, irresponsible and irrelevant, and even further, how absence in child welfare is inevitably linked to blaming mothers. In failing to work with fathers, child welfare ignores potential risks and assets for both mothers and children. Social workers are encouraged to focus on mothers as being the protective parent, whereas fathers are considered as risks and damage potential, due to neglect, abuse, and substance addiction. In the article â€Å"Manufacturing Ghost Fathers: the Paradox of Father Presence and Absence in Child Welfare†, Leslie Brown, Marilyn Callahan, Susan Strega, Christopher Walmsley, and Lena Dominelli reveals that over sixty percent of fathers associated with child welfare are identified as a risk to children and are not contacted. Similarly, fifty percent of these men were not conta cted when they were considered ricks to the mothers (26). Mothers are responsible for the care and protection of children even when they are victims of domestic violence. Child welfare holds mothers responsible for monitoring the behavior of the men in the children’s lives, essentially contracting out the surveillance of men to mothers (Chuang 457). They are expected to fill the role of both parents and further expected to mediate the relationships between children and fathers, as well as between fathers, and professionals. While inebriated, a father may believe he is performing his fatherly duties to the best of his abilities, but in reality he is oblivious to what is happening in the environment around him, including his children. The appearance of a social worker at his home is detrimental to his mental state as a father. In a way, he may view it as insulting. The father may not realize the dangers that he put his children in as a result of his negligence. The father is too proud to realize his mistakes and may want to blame outside sources. Unfortunately, this results in an agitated and distraught way of thinking, which could result in more negligence and abuse to their families (Burrus et al. 212). Substance abusing fathers often lose custody of their children. With help from social services, mothers are able to collect child support from their children’s fathers. Since a majority of social workers are female, males feel like their manhood is undermined when they speak to these women. These fathers try to avoid any instances of conference with social workers, because they feel it may affect their life that is unassociated through relations with the child. This shows how selfish and incompetent substance-abusing fathers are. Mothers are subordinate to fathers due to fears of reactions of the fathers finding out the involvement of social services (Brodie et al. 36). Many substance abusing fathers are invisible when it comes to their children. The lack of insight to his own problems causes a father to become invisible to himself and his child’s needs. If a man cannot handle his own feelings and problems, there is no chance he will be able to handle and resolve a child’s or be able to see his development. In the state of intoxication, fathers become self-absorbed and forgetful about what happens in the world around them. Substance abusing fathers are associated as being neglecting, abusive, destruction, and often insignificant. Fathers struggle to fulfill the role of the ideal role model to his children.

“A Property Of the Clan” by Nick Enright: Analysis Essay

“A Property of the Clan † unravels the death of a teenage girl at an underage drinking party and explores how the youths handle the situation. â€Å"A Property of the Clan† is not light entertainment, or an easy play to read. It deals with an ugly and disturbing subject, but does so in a thoughtful and sensitive way, acknowledging the brutal reality of violence against women as an unfortunate experience in life. The plot of “A Property of the Clan † is about teenage violence that existed within Australia at the time; an example is that the language and actions teens make are very abusive throughout the play when ever they drink alcohol. The play contains many themes that involved the lifestyle of Australian youth including; Surf culture, mateship, teenage rebellion, peer pressure and partying (Underage Drinking and Drug use). However, A Property of the Clan” centralises on the idea of Mateship, where you are put into a position to do the right thing or betray your friend. Jared is to choose either do the right thing and tell the police who the murderer is or to keep the secret. With supporting themes such as teenage rebellion where the person opposes their parents command, peer pressure is when you are forced to do something because people are basically abusing you to do so otherwise you will be unpopular. Also the theme of partying is quite important to the Australian youth culture, compared to other countries. Australian teens tend to underage drink and abuse drugs more. It also explores the diminished responsibilities of people under the influence of alcohol and the dire consequences of actions linking to the events in “A Property of the Clan”. † A Property of the Clan’s† targeted audience should be about 17 years old and over, whether a less mature person can understand and explore their own ideas and experience or as an adult (or parents) can further understand the surrounding culture their children are in due to the sensitive content. The main characters from “A Property of the Clan † are from the surfing community of Newcastle, Australia. At the beginning of the play you can see the community in the play is quite rough, Ricko, an aggressive boy, is the leader of the group. The other characters always seem to be intimidated by him; the relationship between Ricko and others is interesting because they know that he isn’t a good person, but still ‘hang out’ with him. This links  to the idea of mateship and peer pressure because of Ricko’s violent characteristics. People who watch this play will be influenced by the violence at first, but towards the end of the play, you can see the change of Ricko’s characteristics transform from a â€Å"Hardcore† to week depressed teen when he admitted that he murdered the girl. The language of “A Property of the Clan” contains very Australian typical 1990’s slang, using slang to communicate often, i.e â€Å"Bush pig†, â€Å"Pay out† and â€Å"mate†. Also the swearing is quite intense for a drama play being performed; it contains a lot of swearing and abusive words. Bibiography : Play script ‘ A Property Of The Clan’

Gustave Flaubert and Madame Bovary Essay

Madame Bovary consists of a Realist critique of Romanticism with Emma Bovary portrayed as the emotionally overwrought romantic who destroys herself and others in her attempts to fulfill her unrealistic dreams. For writing about such a horrible woman Gustave Flaubert, the author, was charged with corrupting the morals of French society. He was acquitted of the charge at a public trial. The major characters of the novel include Emma Bovary, the title character and the villain who brings ruin to herself and others in her efforts to realize her romantic illusions; Charles Bovary, a mediocre country doctor who is lackluster at best but deeply in love with his wife Emma; Leon, a law clerk who is a fellow romantic to Emma with whom he eventually has an affair; Rodolphe, a â€Å"gentleman† landowner and womanizer with whom Emma has an affair; and Lheureux, a merchant and money-lender. Lheureux† in French means â€Å"the happy,† and this character becomes happy by preying upon Emma as she attempts to buy the reality of her dreams. Selections, Summaries, and Commentary We meet Charles Bovary who struggled in school to become a doctor. He assumed a practice at Tostes, France, and married. But his wife died. One evening, Charles was summoned to a farm to set a broken leg. Here Charles made the acquaintance of Emma Rouault, the daughter of the patient. Char les, at the invitation of Mr. Rouault, ate breakfast with Emma; and, among other things, they talked of Emma’s dislike for the country. They had closer contact when both of them reached for Charles’ riding crop after it had fallen to the floor. â€Å"Instead of returning to [the farm] in three days as he had promised, he [Charles] went back the very next day, then regularly twice a week†¦. † Though Charles never had the nerve to ask Mr. Roualt for the hand of his daughter, Roualt figured things out, and the marriage was contracted. â€Å"Emma anted a midnight wedding with torches, but old Rouault could not understand such an idea. † It was a country wedding. They walked a mile and a half to and from the church, Emma’s dress trailing on the ground and gathering grass and thistles. After the ceremony, the guests ate until night. â€Å"Charles, who was anything but quick-witted, did not shine at the wedding. † Two days after the wedding, Charles and Emma left for Tostes. Charles now â€Å"had for life this beautiful woman whom he adored. For him the universe did not extend beyond the silky circumference of her petticoat. For Emma, on the other hand, things were different, â€Å"Before [her marriage to Charles] she thought herself in love; but since the happiness that should have followed failed to come, she must, she thought, have been mistaken. And Emma tried to find out what one meant exactly in life by the words bliss, passion, ecstasy, that had seemed to her so beautiful in books. † Emma, we learn, had been fed a steady diet of romanticism at the convent where she was placed at age thirteen. â€Å"Accustomed to the quieter aspects of life [in the country], she turned instead to its tumultuous parts. She loved the sea only for the sake of its storms, and the green only when it was scattered among ruins. † She found herself attracted to the mystical aspects of the religious life. An old maid at the convent kept the girls dreaming. She [the old maid] knew by heart the love-songs of the last century, and sang them in a low voice as she stitched away. She told stories, gave them news, ran their errands in the town, and on the sly lent the big girls some of the novels, that she always carried in the pockets of her apron, and of which the lady herself swallowed long chapters in the intervals of her work. They were all about love, lovers, sweethearts, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely pavilions, postilions killed at every relay, horses ridden to death on every page, somber forests, heart-aches, vows, sobs, tears and kisses, little boatrides by moonlight, nightingales in shady groves, gentlemen brave as lions, gentle as lambs, virtuous as no one ever was, always well dressed, and weeping like fountains. Girls at the convent hid keepsakes with engravings. Here [on the engravings] behind the balustrade of a balcony was a young man in a short cloak, holding in his arms a young girl in a white dress who was wearing an alms-bag at her belt; or there were nameless portraits of English ladies with fair curls, who looked at you from under their round straw hats with their large clear eyes. † After Emma returned home to the farm, she became disgusted with the country. When Charles came to call on her father, she saw Charles as her knight in shinning armor, come to rescue the damsel in distress. Something â€Å"sufficed to make her believe that she at last felt that wondrous passion which, till then, like a great bird with rose-coloured wings, hung in the splendor of poetic skies, — and now she could not think that the calm in which she lived was the happiness of her dreams. † Emma is a victim of the mass media, dying because she read the escapist, romantic fantasies and mistook them for reality. She wondered, â€Å"Why could not she lean over balconies in Swiss chalets, or enshrine her melancholy in a Scotch cottage, with a husband dressed in a black velvet coat with long tails, and thin shoes a pointed hat and frills? Charles’ talk, in contrast, was dull. He provoked no emotions in her but disgust; he had no desire to do or see anything. Charles’s conversation was commonplace as a street pavement, and every one’s ideas trooped through it in their everyday garb, without exciting emotion, laughter, or thought. He had never had the curiosit y, he said, while he lived at Rouen, to go to the theatre to see the actors from Paris. He could neither swim, nor fence, nor shoot, and one day he could not explain some term of horsemanship to her that she had come across in a novel. A man, on the contrary, should he not know everything, excel in manifold activities, initiate you into the energies of passion, the refinements of life, all mysteries? But this one taught nothing, knew nothing, wished nothing. He thought her happy; and she resented this easy calm, this serene heaviness, the happiness she gave him. Flaubert writes that â€Å"ennui, the silent spider, was weaving its web in the darkness, in every corner of her heart. † But after a few months, Emma and Charles were invited to the Vaubyessard estate by the Marquis d’Andervilliers (â€Å"Another Village†). Charles had cured the Marquis from an abscess in the mouth, and the Marquis had requested some offshoots of the cherry trees that were in the Bovary’s little garden. When the Marquis came to thank Charles personally, he saw Emma. He thought her pretty and sophisticated enough to invite to the chateau. Charles and Emma arrived at nightfall along with many others. An elaborate dinner was served, and they prepared for the ball. When Charles intimated that he would dance, Emma replied, â€Å"Why, you must be mad! They would make fun of you; stay in your place, as it becomes a doctor. And when he kissed her on her shoulder, â€Å"’Don’t touch me! ’ she cried; ‘I’ll be all rumpled. ’† The dancing began, and when the atmosphere grew warm and heavy, a servant broke out the window panes. Through the windows Emma â€Å"saw in the garden the faces of peasants pressed against the window looking in at them. † She was reminded of her own heritage, the days of the farm, but â€Å"the splendor of the present hour† made her almost doubt she had ever been there. Supper was served, and at three o’clock the cotillion (more dancing) began. Emma danced with a Viscount, and proved to be a highly courted partner. Charles, in the meantime, had spent five consecutive hours watching people at the card tables â€Å"without understanding anything about it. † Lunch was served the following day, and then Charles and Emma left for Tostes. Emma believed the life of Vaubyessard to be the kind of life she wanted and deserved, and her immediate surroundings grew even more dreary. â€Å"She longed to travel or to go back to her convent. She wanted to die, but she also wanted to live in Paris. † She became increasingly irritated with Charles and her surroundings to the point of becoming ill. She suffered from heart palpitations, and she exhibited altered states of hyperactivity and torpor. She constantly complained about Tostes, and Charles thought that perhaps her illness was due to the town itself. From that thought on, â€Å"Emma drank vinegar to lose weight, contracted a sharp little cough, and lost all appetite. † The Bovarys moved to a new town, Yonville (â€Å"yonder village†), a small market town some twenty miles from Rouen. Here the Bovarys had a daughter, whom Emma names Berthe, after a young lady she had encountered at Vaubyessard, and the Bovarys sent Berthe to be nursed by a carpenter’s wife. Emma was not a very good mother. She really wanted a son who would be free to â€Å"explore all passions and all countries, overcome obstacles, taste of the most distant pleasures. † She did not care for the realities of motherhood. On one occasion, after returning home, Berthe approached Emma. â€Å"‘Leave me alone,’ repeated the young woman quite angrily. Her expression frightened the child, who began to scream. ‘Will you leave me alone? ’ she said, forcing her away with her elbow. Berthe fell at the foot of the chest of drawers against the brass handle; she cut her cheek, blood appeared. Emma then felt sorry for her treatment of the child. The Bovarys met Leon Dupuis, a clerk for the town notary. Leon and Emma were fellow romantics. They spoke of their desire for change as opposed to routine. They talked about their desire for walking in the country, witnessing sunsets, visiting seashores, mountains, lakes, waterfalls. They related their love for music and reading by the fire. The two of them fell in love with one another, but did not yet allow themselves to express their love. â€Å"Weary of loving without success,† Leon eventually left for Paris to pursue a law degree. Emma became unhappy and ill again. A â€Å"gentleman† named Rodolphe Boulanger brought one of his workers, who wanted to be bled, to see Dr. Bovary. Rodolphe had just acquired an estate that consisted of a chateau and two farms that Rodolphe cultivated himself, â€Å"without, however, taking too many pains. † Rodolphe â€Å"lived as a bachelor, and was supposed to have† a sizeable income. When Emma was called to assist in the bleeding, Rodolphe became infatuated with her beauty. But he only desired her as a mistress. Flaubert described Rodolphe as â€Å"having had much experience with women and being something of a connoisseur. † Rodolphe thought to himself, â€Å"Three gallant words and she’d adore me, I’m sure of it. She’d be tender, charming. Yes; but how to get rid of her afterwards. † His present mistress, an actress in Rouen, was beginning to bore him. During an Agricultural Fair, Emma and Rodolphe strolled around, arm in arm, eventually ascending to â€Å"the council room† on the first floor of the townhall. The room was empty, and Rodolphe suggested they could enjoy the show there more comfortably. Flaubert showed his appreciation of irony when, in the background, he awarded the first prize for manure at the same time Rodolphe told Emma, â€Å"A hundred times I tried to leave; yet I followed you and stayed†¦. As I would stay to-night, to-morrow, all other days, all my life! † Also, as Emma and Rodolphe gazed at each other, â€Å"as their desire increased, their dry lips trembled and languidly, effortlessly, their fingers intertwined,† a prize was awarded to an old peasant woman for fifty-four years of faithful service at one farm. Emma was susceptible to Rodolphe’s charms. After some six weeks, a time chosen by Rodolphe for the purpose of not appearing too eager, he visited Emma. He knew just how to play her. When Charles returned home, Rodolphe suggested that riding might be good for Madame Bovary’s health. Charles thought it a good idea. At first, Emma objected, but Charles talked her into it. She and Rodolphe rode and walked. Sometime into their first outing, Emma â€Å"abandoned herself to him. † Charles bought her a horse. Emma and Rodolphe rode regularly, and they began exchanging letters, placing them in the cracks of a wall located near the river at the end of the garden attached to the Bovary home. If Charles left early enough, she would sneak off, on foot, to see Rodolphe at his estate and return to Yonville before anyone awoke. She would cry when she had to leave Rodolphe, and her farewells would go on forever. Rodolphe suggested her visits were too dangerous; she was compromising herself. So, Rodolphe began coming to the garden at night, throwing sand against the shutters, and Emma would sneak out after Charles had retired. Six months passed. Rodolphe became increasingly indifferent, and Emma became uncertain herself. One day, news of a new surgical procedure for curing clubfoot reached the apothecary at Rouen. Emma, who wanted more fame and excitement for her husband, and the apothecary, who wanted fame for himself, urged an unwilling Charles to carry out the new operation on a crippled servant at the inn. The servant was pressured and finally consented after the operation was offered to him at no charge. At first, the operation appeared successful, and Emma was delighted with Charles and his prospects. But the device in which they strapped the servant’s foot caused swelling. In response, the device was tightened even further, and gangrene set in. A surgeon was called in for consultation. He laughed and scolded Charles. The surgeon had to amputate the servant’s leg to the thigh. Emma was no longer delighted. â€Å"Everything in him [Charles] irritated her now; his face, his dress, all the things he did not say, his whole person, in short, his existence. † The disastrous operation was further proof of Charles’ stupidity and incompetence, and Emma turned to Rodolphe to fulfill her dreams. She sent Rodolphe love notes, and the two of them made plans to leave for Italy. Emma was apparently willing to leave without Berthe. When she firsts suggested the idea of leaving, Rodolphe asked about the fate of Berthe. Then, Emma, who had obviously not thought of Berthe before, said they would take Berthe with them. But no further mention of Berthe was made in their succeeding plans, and Emma rarely gave Berthe any attention. Rodolphe, who had no real intentions of running off with Emma, postponed the departure on several occasions, and then they set a specific date. On the day of their departure, however, Rodophe sent a letter to Emma through a servant. In the letter he ended the affair and announced that he was leaving without her. He had his servant echo his plans to depart, but he was not actually planning to go anywhere. Though, later in the day, he did decide to go to Rouen. Emma saw him leaving as he passed by the Bovary home. She was devastated and became ill. Charles stayed by her side for forty-three days, neglecting his own affairs. Charles thought the theatre may be good medicine, and so he and Emma went to Rouen to see an opera. The whole experience began to reawaken Emma’s romantic being. After the second act, Charles went to get Emma something to drink and ran into Leon. As the third act began, the three of them left to talk elsewhere. Leon, as it turns out, after his schooling in Paris, had come to Rouen to work as a clerk. Because the three old acquaintances talked through the opera, Emma did not get to see the third act; and since Emma now seemed energized, Charles suggested that she stay the night and see the third act the next day. Charles, however, must return home. Emma stayed, and she and Leon began an affair. As Flaubert wrote it, Emma and Leon apparently consummate their feelings for one another during a long carriage ride through Rouen. When she returned to Yonville, she was informed that Charles’ father has died. Emma was by this time substantially indebted to a shopkeeper and moneylender by the name of Lheureux (â€Å"the happy,† as in the seller of happiness), and he suggested that Emma obtain the power of attorney over Charles’ father’s estate. She manipulated Charles into giving her this power of attorney, and she even earned his gratitude for going to Rouen to have Leon look over the legal papers. Emma’s stay in Rouen lasted three days, after which Leon came to Yonville at times and sent Emma secret letters. Emma then began to make weekly trips to Rouen under the pretense of taking piano lessons. She manipulated Charles into asking her to refresh her skills in this area. She and Leon would stay in a hotel, and she was running up all kinds of debts with Lheureux, spending freely on her trips to Rouen and satisfying all of her whims. Lheureux lent her money on the value of Charles’ father’s estate. Charles was unaware of her spending and her adultery. Leon and she began seeing each other more frequently. She began billing Charles’ patients herself, without his knowledge, and selling things in order to pay on her bills. She gave Berthe no attention. Finally, someone wrote Leon’s mother, telling her that Leon was ruining himself with a married woman. Leon’s mother wrote her son’s employer who then indicated to Leon how important it was to break off the affair. Leon wanted to end it, but he was in love. Eventually Emma’s unpaid bills ran long overdue, and her creditors obtained a judgment against her. On her return from a visit to Rouen, the maid showed her a judgment that commanded her â€Å"by power of the king† to pay the sum of eight thousand francs. She went to Lheureux, who by this time had sold the debt at a discount to a banker at Rouen. Emma tried to talk Lheureux out of the judgment. She â€Å"even pressed her pretty white and slender hand against the shopkeeper’s knee,† but Lheureux would have none of that. She owed a vast sum of money, and the sheriff’s officers arrived to confiscate the family property. Emma tried frantically to raise the money. She went to Leon at Rouen and urged him to borrow the money for her, and she even suggested that he steal the money from his office. Leon tried to borrow the money from lenders, but to no avail. On the next morning, people gathering in the market read a notice indicating that the Bovarys’ furniture was for sale. Madame Bovary went to see the town notary. The notary was in business with Lheureux and, so, knew all about Emma’s plight. But he listened as she told him all about it. He then made it clear, in a not so subtle manner, that he would expect a sexual relationship if he were to lend her the money she needed. Emma appeared insulted by his forwardness, shouted that she was not for sale, and left in a fury. She was surely not opposed to exchanging herself for money, but the notary was too crass and straightforward about it. Had he concealed it in more romantic language, she probably would have consented. Later, as Flaubert wrote, â€Å"perhaps she began to repent now that she had not yielded to the notary. † At last, when she heard the sound of Charles coming home, she went to the town’s tax collector and offered herself to him in return for the money. He was offended by Emma’s advances. While Emma was running around, thinking about how to get the money, Charles learned of his family’s financial ruin. Emma, at least, turned to Rodolphe. But even though it seemed the two of them could once again become lovers, Rodolphe was either unwilling or unable to help. Out of shame and despair, Emma poisoned herself with arsenic she obtained from the pharmacy through an unwitting assistant. She hoped to make her death short and sweet. She said, â€Å"Ah! It is but a little thing, death! â€Å"I shall fall asleep and all will be over. † But she suffered long and horribly with vomiting, sweating, pain, moaning, and convulsions. Charles, unable and in no shape to help his wife, called in another doctor, but to no avail. â€Å"A final spasm threw her back upon the mattress,† and she died. Charles appears to be the true hero of the novel. He genuinely loved Emma, would have done anything for her, offered her a decent li fe, was a good husband, a good provider and a good father. But, he was a real human being with real human characteristics and flaws. At the end of the novel, however, Charles becomes a genuine romantic, engulfed by authentic and understandable emotions. Charles decided in favor of a mausoleum for Emma’s tomb, and he wrote the following instructions: â€Å"I wish her to be buried in her wedding dress, with white shoes, and a wreath. Her hair is to be spread out over her shoulders. Three coffins, one oak, one mahogany, one of lead. Let no one try to overrule me; I shall have the strength to resist him. She is to be covered with a large piece of green velvet. This is my wish; see that it is done. The pharmacist and the priest, we are told, â€Å"were much taken aback by Bovary’s romantic ideas. † Charles’ mother shared their view. But Charles now had become a romantic just like Emma, emotionally overwrought with the death of this woman he so dearly loved, refusing to sell any of her possessions to satisfy her debts. Flaubert writes of Charles, â€Å"He was a changed man. † â€Å"To please her, as if she were still living, he adopted her taste, her ideas; he bought patent leather boots and took to wearing white cravats. He waxed his moustache and, just like her, signed promissory notes. She corrupted him from beyond the grave. † Soon, though, Charles discovered the love letters from Leon and Rodolphe hidden in a secret drawer of Emma’s desk; and, shortly thereafter, Charles died of love sickness. A surgeon â€Å"performed an autopsy, but found nothing. † All of Charles’ belongings were sold to satisfy debts, and there remains just enough to send Berthe off to her grandmother. But the grandmother died the same year, and Berthe fell under the care of a poor aunt who sent her â€Å"to a cottom-mill to earn a living. †

The Battle Of The Confederate Forces - 1233 Words

The battle began on July 1st, 1863 when Brigadier General John Buford met the Confederate forces just northwest of the town to slow their advances. General Buford and his troops successfully stalled the enemy until their reinforcements arrived. The Confederate reinforcements, led by Generals Hill and Ewell. The Confederacy forced the Union Army to retreat back through Gettysburg to the south of the town. There they joined the main Union forces led by Major General George Gordon Meade, who had been at the same time preparing to meet the Confederacy’s main forces led by General Robert E. Lee (www.history.com, 2015). Major General George Gordon Meade was born in Spain, while his father was stationed there as an officer in the United States Navy. After the death of his father, General moved his family back to the states for financial reasons. In 1835 General Meade graduated from the Military Academy at West Point. After graduation he pursued a civilian career as an engineer for the railroads. In1940 he married Margaretta Sergeant and they had seven children. Meade was a Brigadier General when the Civil War began (www.history.com, 2015). General Robert Edward Lee, born in Virginia in 1807. Born into a military family, he graduated 2nd in his class at West Point in 1829. He was originally assigned to an engineer unit, and then became the superintendent of the academy in 1852. After that assignment he took over the 2nd Cavalry unit. Once Virginia seceded from theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Pea Ridge1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Pea Ridge and the Significance of Field Artillery The deployment of Field Artillery has been the deciding factor in almost every major conflict since the inception of Field Artillery. The Battle of Pea Ridge is no different. This conflict serves as a perfect example of how the proper use of terrain and well-placed artillery can alter the course of battle. 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